Biochemistry Flashcards
Science concerned with the chemical basis of life.
Biochemistry
Chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.
Biochemistry
A general term referring to organic compounds essential to life.
Biochemistry
Biochemistry comes from the words: ________ + _________.
Bios (life)
Chemistry
What percentage of the cell is made of water?
70 75%
What percentage of the cell is made of organic molecules?
25 - 30%
These are inorganic molecules present in a cell.
Trace Elements
What are the 4 organic molecules present in a cell?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
What are the 3 distinct parts of the cell?
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Control center of the cell that contains genetic material.
Nucleus
What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleoli / Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin / Chromosomes
Where the exchange of material between the nucleus and the rest of the cell occurs.
Nuclear Pores
Main determinant whether the cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic.
Nuclear Membrane
What are the 4 membrane - bound organelles?
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
ER
Golgi Apparatus
Old term for bacteria.
Archaea
Ribosomal sub - unit of prokaryotes.
30s + 50s = 70s
Ribosomal sub - unit of eukaryotes.
40s + 60s = 80s
Eukaryotes have ________ DNA.
Linear
Prokaryotes have __________ DNA.
Circular
Units of ribosomal sub - unit.
Svedberg Unit
Shiga toxin inhibits the ______ ribosomal sub - unit.
60s
Has a true nucleus.
Eukaryotes
True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.
FALSE
True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.
FALSE
The only bacteria with a linear DNA / chromosomes.
Borrelia burgdorferi
These are extrachromosomal DNA elements present in prokaryotes.
Plasmids
Covalently closed circular DNA.
Plasmids
Imparts resistance to bacteria.
Plasmids
Imparts resistance to bacteria.
Plasmids
Circular, double - stranded piece of DNA, not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Nucleoid
True or False: Nucleoids are surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
False
Site of ribosomal assembly.
Nucleolus
Also called nuclear matrix.
Nucleolus
Contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
Nucleolus
The nucleoplasm is also called ___________.
Karyoplasm
Threadlike structures in the nucleus that are present when the cell is not dividing.
Chromatin
Rod - like structures in the nucleus that are present during cell division.
Chromosomes
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
Joins together 2 chromatids.
Centromere
Small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleosomal structure of chromatin.
Histones
What proteins form the structure of the chromatin?
Histones
Decides the contour of the cell.
Cell membrane
Main structural component of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are made of 1 ___________ head and 2 ____________ tails.
1 hydrophilic / polar head
2 hydrophobic / non - polar tails
Responsible for the fluidity and consistency of the cell.
Cholesterol
Name the 5 components of the cell membrane.
Phospholipids
Glycoprotein
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Arachidonic Acid
Precursor of eicosanoids.
Arachidonic Acid
Main structural component of plants cell membrane.
Cellulose
Main structural component of bacterial cell membrane.
Peptidoglycan
Main structural component of fungi cell membrane.
Ergosterol
Main structural component of animal cell membrane.
Phospholipid Bilayer
Main structural component of the exoskeletons of invertebrates such as arthropods, lobsters, and crabs.
Chitin
True or False: Gram + has a thicker peptidoglycan than Gram -
True
Liquid part of the cell.
Cytoplasm
Semi - transparent fluid that suspends other elements.
Cytosol
Site of Glycolysis
Cytosol
Site of Glycogenesis
Cytosol
Site of fatty acid synthesis
Cytosol
Not strictly an organelle.
Ribosomes
Site of Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
Site of lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
System of fluid filled cisterns.
Endoplasmic reticulum
Stack of flattened cells.
Golgi apparatus
The golgi apparatus is also called _____
Dictyosomes
Packagers of the cell.
Golgo apparatus
Contains digestive enzymes / hydrolytic enzymes.
Lysosomes
Site of autolysis.
Lysosomes
Suicidal bags
Lysosomes
Contains oxidative enzymes.
Peroxisomes
Degrade H202.
Peroxisomes
Powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
Name 5 pathways that occur in the mitochondria.
Beta - oxidation, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, and ketogenesis
Microbes that are not killed by standard methods of sterilization.
Prions
Prions cause disease that are collectively called _______ _________.
Spongiform Diseases
Disease caused by prions in sheep.
Scrapie
Disease caused by prions to cattle
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy / Mad Cow Disease
Disease caused by prions in humans.
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?
Alzheimer’s / Dementia
Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?
Alzheimer’s / Dementia
Treatment for Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
No cure / Incurable
How long does it take for CJD to become fatal?
1 year
True or False: Animals have a larger vacuoles compared to plants.
False
Stages of Interphase
G1, S, and G2
DNA replication stage in interphase.
S Phase
Refers to the division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.
Cytokinesis
Drugs that act on microtubules act on which stage of mitosis?
Stages of mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Chromosomal alignment stage of mitosis
Metaphase
Nuclear reconstitution phase of mitosis
Telophase
Chromosomal formation phase of mitosis
Prophase
Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.
Anaphase
Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.
Anaphase
Polyhydroxy compounds with aldehyde ketone or alcohol.
Carbohydrates
General chemical formula of carbohydrates.
CnH2nOn
Same kind and number of atoms but different structure and arrangement.
Isomers
Sweetest carbohydrate
Fructose
Least sweet carbohydrate
Lactose
What conformation is cyclohexane most stable in
Chair conformation
Furanose has a __ - membered ring.
5
Sedoheptulose has ___ carbons
7
Most important hexose.
Glucose
Also known as grape sugar
Glucose
Also known as Wood sugar
Also known as wood alcohol
methanol
Levulose is another term for ______.
Fructose
Test for fructose that yield red color on positive result due to the resorcinol.
Seliwanoff
Test for Galactose which results to crystal formation.
Mucic acid test
Accumulation of galactose which can lead to mental retardation and cataract formation.
Galactosemia
Galactose is also known as _____ sugar.
Brain sugar
What form of galactose is present in the brain?
Galactocerebroside
Galactose is a ___ epimer of glucose.
C4
Mannose is a ___ epimer of glucose.
C2
Mannose is the most reactive sugar for which test for carbohydrates?
Osazone / Kowarsky’s Test
The positive result of kowarsky’s test for mannose is the formation of __________.
Needle shaped crystals
What shape does maltose give under osazone test?
Sunflower shape
What shape does lactose give under osazone test?
Powder puff shape
What shape does lactose give under osazone test?
Powder puff shape
When subjected to osazone test, galactose forms ____________ crystals.
Rhombic like
The structure of ribose and deoxyribose differs at which carbon?
C2
Deoxyribose has H at C2 while ribose has ___,
OH
Sucrose is made of _______ + ________
Glucose + Fructose
Simple syrup is made with how many percent w/v of sucrose?
85%
The enzyme for sucrose formation is ______
sucrase
The enzyme for invert sugar formation is _________.
Invertase
What glycosidic bond does sucrose have?
alpha, beta 1,2
Maltose is made of _____ + _______
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose is made of _____ + _______
Glucose + Glucose
What glycosidic bond is present in maltose?
α 1,4 glycosidic bond
What are the disaccharides that are made of two glucose?
Maltose, Trehalose, and Cellobiose
What glycosidic linkage is present in cellobiose?
β–1,4
What glycosidic linkage is present in trehalose?
α 1,1 glycosidic bond
Trehalose can come from which natural source?
Fungi, ergots, or yeasts
Also known as milk sugar.
Lactose
What sugar molecules combine to make raffinose?
GAL + GLU + FRU
What sugar molecules combine to make maltotriose?
GLU + GLU + GLU
What sugar molecules combine to make Sucralose
GLU + FRU + GAL
What sugar molecules combine to make gentianose?
GLU + GLU + FRU
What homoglycan is a fructan / fructosan?
Inulin
Glycosidic linkage present in the branches of amylopectin
α -1,6
Iodine test for amylose results to what color?
Blue
Spreading factor
Hyaluronic acid
Sulfated glycosaminoglycan
Chrondoitin sulfate
What type of glycogen storage disease will cause cardiac damage?
II (Pompe)
What types of glycogen storage disease will cause liver damage?
I (Von Gierke)
III (Forbes Cori)
IV (Andersen)
VI (Hers)
What types of glycogen storage disease will cause muscle damage?
V (McArdle) and VII (Tarui)
Sum total of all chemical reactions in order to maintain life.
Metabolism
Combination of catabolism and anabolism
Amphibolic
Breaking down; Energy producing
Catabolism
Building up; Energy requiring
Anabolism
What amino acids are soluble in hot water?
Cysteine and tyrosine
True or False: Amino acids are usually soluble in cold water.
True
True or False: Most amino acids are sweet,
True
Tasteless amino acid
Leucine
Bitter amino acid
Arginine
Amino acids that are soluble in alcohol and ether: _______ & ________
Proline and hydroxyproline
True or False: Amino acids are zwitterions.
True
The only amino acid that cannot be precipitated by alcohol.
Proline
The only achiral amino acid.
Glycine
Glycine is the only achiral amino acid. Why?
R group is substituted with H
How many amino acids are there?
20
Of all the amino acids, how many are considered essential?
10
Name all the essential amino acids.
Phenylalanine
Methionine
Valine
Histidine
Threonine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Imino Acid
Proline
Give the aliphatic amino acids.
Proline
Isoleucine
Glycine
Valine
Alanine
Leucine
Precursor of serotonin
Tryptophan
Precursor of tyrosine
Phenylalanine
The enzyme that acts in phenylalanine to convert it to tyrosine.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Precursor of catecholamine
Tyrosine
Other name for tyrosine is _________.
4 - hydroxyphenylalanine
Precursor of melatonin
Tryptophan
Precursor of melanin
Tyrosine
Precursor of fumaric acid
Tyrosine
Precursor of niacin
tryptophan
Indole Ring
Tryptophan
Precursor of thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
Sulfur - containing amino acids.
Methionine, Cysteine, and Cystine
Dimer of cysteine.
Cystine
Methionine is the start codon: _____ (sequence)
AUG
This amino acid resembles alanine with OH hydroxymethyl group.
Serine
Aromatic amino acids.
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan
Uncharged / polar amino acids
Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine
Imidazole Ring
Histidine
Most basic amino acid.
Arginine
What compound is responsible for arginine’s basicity?
Guanido / Guanidinium
Precursor of histamine
Histidine
Arginine has a ________ taste.
Bitter
Positively charged amino acids.
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Negatively charged / acidic amino acids.
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid
Branched chain amino acids
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Pure ketogenic amino acids.
Lysine
Leucine
Serotonin is synthesized from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
What type of bond joins / links amino acids in a protein?
Peptide bond
Refers to geometric relationship between a given set of atoms
Configuration
Refers to the 3D architecture of a protein, the spatial relationships of all atoms to all the others.
Conformation
The secondary structure of protein is stabilized by __________ bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds
Refers to the overall shape of a single protein molecule.
Tertiary structure
Structure that results from the interaction of more than 1 protein molecule.
Quaternary structure
