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BREX Module 2 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Science concerned with the chemical basis of life.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

Chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

A general term referring to organic compounds essential to life.

A

Biochemistry

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4
Q

Biochemistry comes from the words: ________ + _________.

A

Bios (life)
Chemistry

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5
Q

What percentage of the cell is made of water?

A

70 75%

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6
Q

What percentage of the cell is made of organic molecules?

A

25 - 30%

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7
Q

These are inorganic molecules present in a cell.

A

Trace Elements

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8
Q

What are the 4 organic molecules present in a cell?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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9
Q

What are the 3 distinct parts of the cell?

A

Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Control center of the cell that contains genetic material.

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nucleus?

A

Nuclear Membrane
Nucleoli / Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin / Chromosomes

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12
Q

Where the exchange of material between the nucleus and the rest of the cell occurs.

A

Nuclear Pores

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13
Q

Main determinant whether the cell is eukaryotic or prokaryotic.

A

Nuclear Membrane

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14
Q

What are the 4 membrane - bound organelles?

A

Mitochondria
Lysosomes
ER
Golgi Apparatus

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15
Q

Old term for bacteria.

A

Archaea

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16
Q

Ribosomal sub - unit of prokaryotes.

A

30s + 50s = 70s

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17
Q

Ribosomal sub - unit of eukaryotes.

A

40s + 60s = 80s

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18
Q

Eukaryotes have ________ DNA.

A

Linear

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19
Q

Prokaryotes have __________ DNA.

A

Circular

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20
Q

Units of ribosomal sub - unit.

A

Svedberg Unit

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21
Q

Shiga toxin inhibits the ______ ribosomal sub - unit.

A

60s

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22
Q

Has a true nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

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23
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.

A

FALSE

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24
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes have a true nucleus.

A

FALSE

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25
Q

The only bacteria with a linear DNA / chromosomes.

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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26
Q

These are extrachromosomal DNA elements present in prokaryotes.

A

Plasmids

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27
Q

Covalently closed circular DNA.

A

Plasmids

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28
Q

Imparts resistance to bacteria.

A

Plasmids

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29
Q

Imparts resistance to bacteria.

A

Plasmids

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30
Q

Circular, double - stranded piece of DNA, not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

A

Nucleoid

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31
Q

True or False: Nucleoids are surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

A

False

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32
Q

Site of ribosomal assembly.

A

Nucleolus

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33
Q

Also called nuclear matrix.

A

Nucleolus

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34
Q

Contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleolus

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35
Q

The nucleoplasm is also called ___________.

A

Karyoplasm

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36
Q

Threadlike structures in the nucleus that are present when the cell is not dividing.

A

Chromatin

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37
Q

Rod - like structures in the nucleus that are present during cell division.

A

Chromosomes

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38
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

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39
Q

Joins together 2 chromatids.

A

Centromere

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40
Q

Small basic proteins that participate in forming the nucleosomal structure of chromatin.

A

Histones

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41
Q

What proteins form the structure of the chromatin?

A

Histones

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42
Q

Decides the contour of the cell.

A

Cell membrane

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43
Q

Main structural component of the cell membrane.

A

Phospholipids

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44
Q

Phospholipids are made of 1 ___________ head and 2 ____________ tails.

A

1 hydrophilic / polar head
2 hydrophobic / non - polar tails

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45
Q

Responsible for the fluidity and consistency of the cell.

A

Cholesterol

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46
Q

Name the 5 components of the cell membrane.

A

Phospholipids
Glycoprotein
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
Arachidonic Acid

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47
Q

Precursor of eicosanoids.

A

Arachidonic Acid

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48
Q

Main structural component of plants cell membrane.

A

Cellulose

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49
Q

Main structural component of bacterial cell membrane.

A

Peptidoglycan

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50
Q

Main structural component of fungi cell membrane.

A

Ergosterol

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51
Q

Main structural component of animal cell membrane.

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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52
Q

Main structural component of the exoskeletons of invertebrates such as arthropods, lobsters, and crabs.

A

Chitin

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53
Q

True or False: Gram + has a thicker peptidoglycan than Gram -

A

True

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54
Q

Liquid part of the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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55
Q

Semi - transparent fluid that suspends other elements.

A

Cytosol

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56
Q

Site of Glycolysis

A

Cytosol

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57
Q

Site of Glycogenesis

A

Cytosol

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58
Q

Site of fatty acid synthesis

A

Cytosol

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59
Q

Not strictly an organelle.

A

Ribosomes

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60
Q

Site of Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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61
Q

Site of lipid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

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62
Q

System of fluid filled cisterns.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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63
Q

Stack of flattened cells.

A

Golgi apparatus

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64
Q

The golgi apparatus is also called _____

A

Dictyosomes

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65
Q

Packagers of the cell.

A

Golgo apparatus

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66
Q

Contains digestive enzymes / hydrolytic enzymes.

A

Lysosomes

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67
Q

Site of autolysis.

A

Lysosomes

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68
Q

Suicidal bags

A

Lysosomes

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69
Q

Contains oxidative enzymes.

A

Peroxisomes

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70
Q

Degrade H202.

A

Peroxisomes

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71
Q

Powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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72
Q

Name 5 pathways that occur in the mitochondria.

A

Beta - oxidation, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, and ketogenesis

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73
Q

Microbes that are not killed by standard methods of sterilization.

A

Prions

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74
Q

Prions cause disease that are collectively called _______ _________.

A

Spongiform Diseases

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75
Q

Disease caused by prions in sheep.

A

Scrapie

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76
Q

Disease caused by prions to cattle

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy / Mad Cow Disease

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77
Q

Disease caused by prions in humans.

A

Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease

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78
Q

Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s / Dementia

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79
Q

Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease manifests in a manner similar to what disease?

A

Alzheimer’s / Dementia

80
Q

Treatment for Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease

A

No cure / Incurable

81
Q

How long does it take for CJD to become fatal?

A

1 year

82
Q

True or False: Animals have a larger vacuoles compared to plants.

A

False

83
Q

Stages of Interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

84
Q

DNA replication stage in interphase.

A

S Phase

85
Q

Refers to the division of cytoplasm at the end of mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

86
Q

Drugs that act on microtubules act on which stage of mitosis?

A
87
Q

Stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

88
Q

Chromosomal alignment stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase

89
Q

Nuclear reconstitution phase of mitosis

A

Telophase

90
Q

Chromosomal formation phase of mitosis

A

Prophase

91
Q

Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.

A

Anaphase

92
Q

Chromosomal migration phase of mitosis.

A

Anaphase

93
Q

Polyhydroxy compounds with aldehyde ketone or alcohol.

A

Carbohydrates

94
Q

General chemical formula of carbohydrates.

A

CnH2nOn

95
Q

Same kind and number of atoms but different structure and arrangement.

A

Isomers

96
Q

Sweetest carbohydrate

A

Fructose

97
Q

Least sweet carbohydrate

A

Lactose

98
Q

What conformation is cyclohexane most stable in

A

Chair conformation

99
Q

Furanose has a __ - membered ring.

A

5

100
Q

Sedoheptulose has ___ carbons

A

7

101
Q

Most important hexose.

A

Glucose

102
Q

Also known as grape sugar

A

Glucose

103
Q

Also known as Wood sugar

A
104
Q

Also known as wood alcohol

A

methanol

105
Q

Levulose is another term for ______.

A

Fructose

106
Q

Test for fructose that yield red color on positive result due to the resorcinol.

A

Seliwanoff

107
Q

Test for Galactose which results to crystal formation.

A

Mucic acid test

108
Q

Accumulation of galactose which can lead to mental retardation and cataract formation.

A

Galactosemia

109
Q

Galactose is also known as _____ sugar.

A

Brain sugar

110
Q

What form of galactose is present in the brain?

A

Galactocerebroside

111
Q

Galactose is a ___ epimer of glucose.

A

C4

112
Q

Mannose is a ___ epimer of glucose.

A

C2

113
Q

Mannose is the most reactive sugar for which test for carbohydrates?

A

Osazone / Kowarsky’s Test

114
Q

The positive result of kowarsky’s test for mannose is the formation of __________.

A

Needle shaped crystals

115
Q

What shape does maltose give under osazone test?

A

Sunflower shape

116
Q

What shape does lactose give under osazone test?

A

Powder puff shape

117
Q

What shape does lactose give under osazone test?

A

Powder puff shape

118
Q

When subjected to osazone test, galactose forms ____________ crystals.

A

Rhombic like

119
Q

The structure of ribose and deoxyribose differs at which carbon?

A

C2

120
Q

Deoxyribose has H at C2 while ribose has ___,

A

OH

121
Q

Sucrose is made of _______ + ________

A

Glucose + Fructose

122
Q

Simple syrup is made with how many percent w/v of sucrose?

A

85%

123
Q

The enzyme for sucrose formation is ______

A

sucrase

124
Q

The enzyme for invert sugar formation is _________.

A

Invertase

125
Q

What glycosidic bond does sucrose have?

A

alpha, beta 1,2

126
Q

Maltose is made of _____ + _______

A

Glucose + Glucose

127
Q

Maltose is made of _____ + _______

A

Glucose + Glucose

128
Q

What glycosidic bond is present in maltose?

A

α 1,4 glycosidic bond

129
Q

What are the disaccharides that are made of two glucose?

A

Maltose, Trehalose, and Cellobiose

130
Q

What glycosidic linkage is present in cellobiose?

A

β–1,4

131
Q

What glycosidic linkage is present in trehalose?

A

α 1,1 glycosidic bond

132
Q

Trehalose can come from which natural source?

A

Fungi, ergots, or yeasts

133
Q

Also known as milk sugar.

A

Lactose

134
Q

What sugar molecules combine to make raffinose?

A

GAL + GLU + FRU

135
Q

What sugar molecules combine to make maltotriose?

A

GLU + GLU + GLU

136
Q

What sugar molecules combine to make Sucralose

A

GLU + FRU + GAL

137
Q

What sugar molecules combine to make gentianose?

A

GLU + GLU + FRU

138
Q

What homoglycan is a fructan / fructosan?

A

Inulin

139
Q

Glycosidic linkage present in the branches of amylopectin

A

α -1,6

140
Q

Iodine test for amylose results to what color?

A

Blue

141
Q

Spreading factor

A

Hyaluronic acid

142
Q

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan

A

Chrondoitin sulfate

143
Q

What type of glycogen storage disease will cause cardiac damage?

A

II (Pompe)

144
Q

What types of glycogen storage disease will cause liver damage?

A

I (Von Gierke)
III (Forbes Cori)
IV (Andersen)
VI (Hers)

145
Q

What types of glycogen storage disease will cause muscle damage?

A

V (McArdle) and VII (Tarui)

146
Q

Sum total of all chemical reactions in order to maintain life.

A

Metabolism

147
Q

Combination of catabolism and anabolism

A

Amphibolic

148
Q

Breaking down; Energy producing

A

Catabolism

149
Q

Building up; Energy requiring

A

Anabolism

150
Q

What amino acids are soluble in hot water?

A

Cysteine and tyrosine

151
Q

True or False: Amino acids are usually soluble in cold water.

A

True

152
Q

True or False: Most amino acids are sweet,

A

True

153
Q

Tasteless amino acid

A

Leucine

154
Q

Bitter amino acid

A

Arginine

155
Q

Amino acids that are soluble in alcohol and ether: _______ & ________

A

Proline and hydroxyproline

156
Q

True or False: Amino acids are zwitterions.

A

True

157
Q

The only amino acid that cannot be precipitated by alcohol.

A

Proline

158
Q

The only achiral amino acid.

A

Glycine

159
Q

Glycine is the only achiral amino acid. Why?

A

R group is substituted with H

160
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

161
Q

Of all the amino acids, how many are considered essential?

A

10

162
Q

Name all the essential amino acids.

A

Phenylalanine
Methionine
Valine
Histidine
Threonine
Arginine
Tryptophan
Lysine
Isoleucine
Leucine

163
Q

Imino Acid

A

Proline

164
Q

Give the aliphatic amino acids.

A

Proline
Isoleucine
Glycine
Valine
Alanine
Leucine

165
Q

Precursor of serotonin

A

Tryptophan

166
Q

Precursor of tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

167
Q

The enzyme that acts in phenylalanine to convert it to tyrosine.

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

168
Q

Precursor of catecholamine

A

Tyrosine

169
Q

Other name for tyrosine is _________.

A

4 - hydroxyphenylalanine

170
Q

Precursor of melatonin

A

Tryptophan

171
Q

Precursor of melanin

A

Tyrosine

172
Q

Precursor of fumaric acid

A

Tyrosine

173
Q

Precursor of niacin

A

tryptophan

174
Q

Indole Ring

A

Tryptophan

175
Q

Precursor of thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

176
Q

Sulfur - containing amino acids.

A

Methionine, Cysteine, and Cystine

177
Q

Dimer of cysteine.

A

Cystine

178
Q

Methionine is the start codon: _____ (sequence)

A

AUG

179
Q

This amino acid resembles alanine with OH hydroxymethyl group.

A

Serine

180
Q

Aromatic amino acids.

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan

181
Q

Uncharged / polar amino acids

A

Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Serine

182
Q

Imidazole Ring

A

Histidine

183
Q

Most basic amino acid.

A

Arginine

184
Q

What compound is responsible for arginine’s basicity?

A

Guanido / Guanidinium

185
Q

Precursor of histamine

A

Histidine

186
Q

Arginine has a ________ taste.

A

Bitter

187
Q

Positively charged amino acids.

A

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

188
Q

Negatively charged / acidic amino acids.

A

Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid

189
Q

Branched chain amino acids

A

Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine

190
Q

Pure ketogenic amino acids.

A

Lysine
Leucine

191
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from which amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

192
Q

What type of bond joins / links amino acids in a protein?

A

Peptide bond

193
Q

Refers to geometric relationship between a given set of atoms

A

Configuration

194
Q

Refers to the 3D architecture of a protein, the spatial relationships of all atoms to all the others.

A

Conformation

195
Q

The secondary structure of protein is stabilized by __________ bonds.

A

Hydrogen Bonds

196
Q

Refers to the overall shape of a single protein molecule.

A

Tertiary structure

197
Q

Structure that results from the interaction of more than 1 protein molecule.

A

Quaternary structure

BREX Module 2 (2 decks)

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