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Uro/Neph > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

How is ammonia a potent neurotoxin?

A

Ammonia is bioreactive with aldehydes, and can alter behavior of proteins/gene materials

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2
Q

The concentration of ammonia and ammonium ion in the blood is very (high/low)

A

Low

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3
Q

(T or F) NH3 can easily diffuse through cell membranes

A

True

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4
Q

Nitrogen is carried to the liver in the form of ____, _____, and _____.

A

Alanine, glutamine, and ammonia

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5
Q

__% of Nitrogen waste is in urea to be excreted from the body. This helps to keep NH4+ and NH3 levels in the body low.

A

85%

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6
Q

_______ and _______ reactions funnel amino groups in the urea cycle.

A

Transamination and de-amination reactions

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7
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I) is located in the ______

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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8
Q

Ornithine reacts with carbamoyl phosphate to form ________

A

Citrulline

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9
Q

Aspartate reacts with citrulline forming ________. Two “high energy” bonds are required.

A

Arginosuccinate

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10
Q

Arginine and fumarate are formed from the cleavage of ___________.

A

Arginosuccinate

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11
Q

Fumarate carbons can be converted into oxaloacetate by ________.

A

Transamination

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12
Q

Arginine is cleaved into ______ and urea.

A

Ornithine

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13
Q

Ornithine moves from the (cytosol/matrix) into the (cytosol/matrix)

A

Cytosol into the matrix

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14
Q

Citrulline moves from the (cytosol/matrix) into the (cytosol/matrix)

A

Matrix into the cytosol

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15
Q

Fumarate is a ______ intermediate

A

Krebs cycle

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16
Q

Sources of Nitrogen for the Urea Cycle:

Ammonia is derived from oxidative deamination of _______ by ______ _________.

A

Glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase

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17
Q

Glutamate receives amino groups from amino acids through _________.

A

Transamination

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18
Q

Glutamine and asparagine can donate _____ nitrogens.

A

Amide nitrogens

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19
Q

Amine oxidases release ammonia from ______, ________, and _______.

A

Epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine

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20
Q

Bacterial ureases act on amino acids in dietary protein and from urea diffusing into the gut with digestive fluids. Bacterial ureases convert urea in the intestinal fluids into ______ and _____.

A

NH3 and NH4+

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21
Q

Forms of ammonia released by ureases is pH dependent. Charged (NH4+) (diffusible/non-diffusible) through tissue, and uncharged (NH3) and (diffusible/non-diffusible) through tissue.

A

NH4+ non-diffusible

NH3 diffusible

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22
Q

At physiologic pH, (NH3 or NH4+) is produced, which is eliminated in the stool

A

NH4+

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23
Q

Glutamine is synthesized from _______.

Using the enzyme glutamine synthase, (same answer) combines with ammonia, and ATP.

A

Glutamate

24
Q

When there is increased Nitrogen, N-acetylglutamate is the activator of ______, which provides short-term regulatory control.

A

CPS I

25
Q

A high protein diet or prolonged fasting (deactivates/activates) the urea cycle

A

Activates

26
Q

Hyperammonemia results from the inability to detoxify ____ in the urea cycle, leading to elevated blood levels of ammonia

A

NH4+ (Ammonium)

27
Q

Hereditary hyperammonemia results from defects in urea cycle _____.

A

Enzymes

28
Q

Acquired hyperammonemia most commonly occurs in ________ and ______ due to disruption of the urea cycle

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis and Reye’s syndrome

29
Q

In _______, the architecture of the liver is distorted, leading to shunting of portal blood into the hepatic vein, or backup of blood in the portal vein (i.e., portal hypertension)

A

Cirrhosis

30
Q

In ________, the function of the urea cycle is disrupted by diffuse fatty changes in hepatocytes and damage to the mitochondria by salicylates.

A

Reye’s Syndrome

31
Q

Reye’s syndrome occurs primarily in ______ with _______ who are given salicylates

A

In children with influenza/chicken pox

32
Q

Sxs of hyperammonemia

A

Feeding difficulties, vomiting, ataxia, lethargy, irritability, poor intellectual development, coma. Death may result if sxs not treated.

33
Q

Non-pharm tx for hyperammonemia

A

Low-protein diet

34
Q

Renal Fuel Metabolism:

Glucose is mainly made by the cells of the _______

A

Renal medulla

35
Q

Renal Fuel Metabolism:

The renal medulla: _______ glycolysis (no mitochondria) > Lactate

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

36
Q

Lactate is largely oxidized by the cells of the ________

A

Renal cortex

37
Q

The renal (cortex/medulla) is more metabolically active.

A

Renal cortex

38
Q

__________ is also a primary fuel of the kidneys in normal fasting conditions

A

Glutamine

39
Q

_______ serves as an amino group carrier from the kidneys. It carried nitrogens to the urea cycle, and is a precursor for gluconeogenesis.

A

Alanine

40
Q

Glycogen accumulates in the renal (cortex/medulla)

A

Renal medulla

41
Q

Cells of the medulla lack __________, cannot release glucose (no gluconeogenesis)

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

42
Q

_______ cells possess full set of gluconeogenic enzymes. (gluconeogenesis in fasting state - do NOT store glucose)

A

Cortical

43
Q

_______ is the most important renal gluconeogenic substrate

A

Lactate

44
Q

In hypoglycemia, there is an (increase/decrease) in renal glucose release

A

Increase

45
Q

Renal glucose release in T2DM is (increased/decreased)

A

Increased

46
Q

Insulin (increases/suppresses) renal glucose release and

(increases/suppresses) glucose uptake.

A

Suppresses renal glucose release

Increases glucose uptake

47
Q

Insulin (increases/reduces) fatty acid uptake

A

Reduces

48
Q

Epinephrine (increases/decreases) renal gluconeogenesis

A

Increases

49
Q

GLUT2 is sodium (independent/dependent) and is the main protein for release of renal glucose into the circulation

A

Sodium independent

50
Q

SGLT2 is sodium (independent/dependent) and re-absorbs 90% of proximal tubular glucose

A

Sodium dependent

51
Q

GLUT1 transporters in the later segment change the affinity for glucose how?

A

Increase affinity in later segment because there is not much glucose left, and they want to be sure to capture all the glucose remaining.

52
Q

_________ is a basic amino acid at body pH, produced in the detoxification of ammonia

A

L-arginine

53
Q

Renal synthesis of arginine accounts for __% to ___% of endogenous supply

A

5% to 15%

54
Q

_______ is released from the small intestine and is the precursor for arginine synthesis

A

Citrulline

55
Q

Creatinine is a marker of _______ function

A

Kidney

56
Q

_______ is formed from phenylalanine

A

Tyrosine

57
Q

Half of the ______ in circulation derives from the kidneys

A

Tyrosine

Uro/Neph (6 decks)

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