1. Substrate entering the active site of enzyme 2. Active site change shape slightly as substrate binds 3. Substrate binds completely and form into a product 4. Products leave the active site of enzyme

Biochemical Reactions Flashcards by Haru Haru

WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
Enzymes are _______ .

proteins

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Process in enzyme

Substrate entering the active site of enzyme
Active site change shape slightly as substrate binds
Substrate binds completely and form into a product
Products leave the active site of enzyme

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What cellular organelle makes protein?

Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Enzymes act as ______ in cellular reactions.

catalysts

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What does a catalyst do?

It is a substrate that speeds up chemical reaction

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_______ catalyze reactions by weakening chemical bonds, which lowers _________.

Enzymes
activation energy

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HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?

Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape including a surface groove called ______.

The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_______) to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react.

The resulting product (s) is then released from the active site.

active site
substrate

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Enzymes….
• are specific for what they will _____ .
• fit with ______ like a key and lock

catalyze
substrate

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When an enzyme is interacting with it’s substrate, during the chemical reaction, together they are referred to as the ________

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

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Enzymes have names that usually end in ase.

•
•
•

• Sucrase
• Lactase
• Maltase

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HOW DO YOU SABOTAGE AN ENZYME?
• ______ it!
• Alteration of a protein _______ through some form of ____________
• Example, by applying heat, acidic or alkaline environment
• Denatured enzyme can’t carry out its cellular function.

Ex: Irreversible egg protein denaturation caused by high temperature (while cooking it).

Denature
shape
external stress

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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME ACTIVITY

Temperature
pH
Cofactors & Coenzymes
Inhibitors

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TEMPERATURE AND PH

• Temperatures far above the normal range denature enzymes. (This is why very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the body’s proteins.)

• Most enzymes work best near pH (____ to ____).

6 to 8

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____________

Non-protein portion of the enzyme (ex. ____, _____, ____, _____) that is need for proper enzymatic activity .

Cofactors/coenzymes
zinc, iron, copper, vitamins

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These coenzymes are essential in helping move atoms between molecules in the formation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Vitamins

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Exclusively synthesized by bacteria .

Dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products and supplements.

Vitamin B12 (Coenzyme)

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TWO TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS

Competitive inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor

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Chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.

Competitive inhibitor

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Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape.

Non-competitive inhibitor

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Cells either get their energy either by ______ or by.

photosynthesis
eating stuff

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Nearly all chemical reactions in biological cells need ______ to make the reaction occur fast enough to support life.

enzymes

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The main form of energy from the sun is in the form of ___________

________ is ( white light) used for photosynthesis

electromagnetic radiation
Visible radiation

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it is a compound that absorbs light

pigment

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It is a pigment that absorbs red & blue light (photons) so green is reflected or transmitted.

chlorophyll

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Chlorophyll is located in the _______.

chloroplasts

2 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL ________ - involved in light reactions ________ - assists in capturing light energy - ________

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Accessory pigment

______ - accessory pigments - captures more light energy. Colors: • • •

Carotenoids.

In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present. During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduce revealing the other pigments ________ are pigments that are either red, orange and yellow

Carotenoids

conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is stored in organic compounds (carbohydrates > glucose)

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is used by autotrophs such as: • • •

• Plants • Algae • Some Bacteria (prokaryotes) Cyanobacteria Phytoplankton Euglena

- energy rich chemical produced through photosynthesis

glucose

series of reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next

Biochemical pathway

It is a product of photosynthesis which is used in cellular respiration to make ATP

Glucose

The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

Redox reaction

Two types of Redox Reaction ________ - loss of e ________ - gain of e

Oxidation Reduction

The loss of electrons substance or the from a gain of oxygen.

Oxidation reaction

The gain of electrons substance or the to a loss of oxygen.

Reduction reaction

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION Reactants: Products :

6CO2 + 6H2O ----- H6C12O6 + 6O2 Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water Products : glucose and oxygen which is a byproduct

mainly occurs in the a. ______ - pores b. _________

a. Stomata b. Mesophyll cells

Parts of mesophyll cell

Chloroplast Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall

Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which ______ and ______ are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.

water vapor and gases

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place

Chloroplast

Parts of Chloroplasts

Inner membrane Outer membrane Stroma Thylakoid Granum

double membrane organelle that absorbs light energy

Chloroplast

flattened sacs contain pigment –- chlorophyll

Thylakoid

layered thylakoids

Grana

solution around thylakoids

Stroma

pore on underside of leaf where O2 is released and CO2 enters

Stomata

______ make up the inner membrane (plant leaves)

Grana

• ________ is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth • Plants store energy in the _______________ • Chemical energy is released as ______ during __________

Sunlight chemical bonds of sugars ATP cellular respiration

ATP stands for ______________

adenosine triphosphate

ATP is composed of the nitrogen base _______, the pentose (5C) sugar ______, and three _______ groups The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a _________ chemical bond

ADENINE RIBOSE PHOSPHATE HIGH ENERGY

Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will ■ Release _________ for cells to use ■Form ________ ■ Produce a ___________

ENERGY ADP (adenosine diphosphate) FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP

FREE PHOSPHATE can be reattached to ADP reforming ATP Process called _________

Phosphorylation

Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH

Light reaction

Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose) Also called carbon fixation and carbon cycle

Calvin cycle

Stages of Photosynthesis

■STAGE I - LIGHT REACTIONS - energy from sun is used to split water into H+ an O2 ■STAGE 2 - energy is converted to chemical energy & stored in ATP & NADPH in stroma ■STAGE 3 - CALVIN CYCLE where carbon is fixed into glucose

Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes

Light reaction (electron flow)

2 possible routes for electron flow: (Light reaction)

• Use Photosystem I and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and generate ATP only • OR use Photosystem II and Photosystem I with ETC and generate O₂, ATP and NADPH

PHOTOCHEMICAL SPLITTING OF WATER (RESTORING PHOTOSYSTEM II)

PHOTOLYSIS

Synthesis of ATP

Chemiosmosis

■Powers ATP synthesis ■ Takes place across the thylakoid membrane ■ Uses ETC and ATP synthase ■H+ move down their concentration gradient forming ATP from ADP

Chemiosmosis

Biochemical pathway in photosynthesis that produces organic compounds using ATP & NADPH

Calvin cycle

occurs in stroma

Calvin cycle

carbon atoms from CO bonded or ‘fixed’ into carbohydrates

Carbon fixation

■ Carbon Fixation ■C3 plants (80% of plants on earth) ■ Occurs in the stroma ■ Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as ■ Uses CO₂ ■To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

Calvin cycle

■_______ - use Calvin cycle exclusively ■Form 3-carbon compounds

C3 plants

■ _______ - evolved in hot, dry climate ■ Form 4-carbon compounds ■ Partially close stomata ■E.g. Corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

C4 pathway

■ ______ - open stomata at night, close in day ■Grow slow, lose less water ■E.g. cactus, pineapple

CAM

■Hot, moist environments ■ 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane) ■ Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places: ■ Light reaction mesophyll cells Calvin cycle bundle sheath cells

C4 plants

■Hot, dry environments ■5% of plants (cactus and ice plants) ■ Stomates closed during day ■ Stomates open during the night ■Light reaction day occurs during the ■ Calvin Cycle occurs when CO₂ is present

CAM Plants

Rate of photosynthesis is affected by: • • •

Light intensity CO2 Temperature

■________ converts light energy into chemical energy thru series of biochemical pathways ■ ______ excite in photosystem II - move along ETC to photosystem I ■ electrons are replaced when water is split ■ _______ is by product of photosynthesis ■ synthesized across thylakoid ■ _______ - carbon is fixed & sugar produced ■ 3 turns produce _____ (__ keeps cycle going) ■ Other pathways - C3, C4, CAM

Photosynthesis Electrons oxygen Calvin cycle PGAL

It is used to help alcoholics inhibits aldehyde oxidase in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say asi’tell , resulting hide) during the metabolism of alcohol.

Antabuse