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CMB (Finals) > Biochemical Reactions > Flashcards

Biochemical Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE ENZYMES?
Enzymes are _______ .

A

proteins

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2
Q

Process in enzyme

A
  1. Substrate entering the active site of enzyme
  2. Active site change shape slightly as substrate binds
  3. Substrate binds completely and form into a product
  4. Products leave the active site of enzyme
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3
Q

What cellular organelle makes protein?

A

Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Enzymes act as ______ in cellular reactions.

A

catalysts

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5
Q

What does a catalyst do?

A

It is a substrate that speeds up chemical reaction

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6
Q

_______ catalyze reactions by weakening chemical bonds, which lowers _________.

A

Enzymes
activation energy

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7
Q

HOW DO ENZYMES WORK?

Each enzyme has a unique 3-D shape including a surface groove called ______.

The enzyme works by binding a specific chemical reactant (_______) to its active site, causing the substrate to become unstable and react.

The resulting product (s) is then released from the active site.

A

active site
substrate

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8
Q

Enzymes….
• are specific for what they will _____ .
• fit with ______ like a key and lock

A

catalyze
substrate

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9
Q

When an enzyme is interacting with it’s substrate, during the chemical reaction, together they are referred to as the ________

A

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

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10
Q

Enzymes have names that usually end in ase.

•
•
•

A

• Sucrase
• Lactase
• Maltase

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11
Q

HOW DO YOU SABOTAGE AN ENZYME?
• ______ it!
• Alteration of a protein _______ through some form of ____________
• Example, by applying heat, acidic or alkaline environment
• Denatured enzyme can’t carry out its cellular function.

Ex: Irreversible egg protein denaturation caused by high temperature (while cooking it).

A

Denature
shape
external stress

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12
Q

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ENZYME ACTIVITY

A

Temperature
pH
Cofactors & Coenzymes
Inhibitors

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13
Q

TEMPERATURE AND PH

• Temperatures far above the normal range denature enzymes. (This is why very high fevers are so dangerous. They can cook the body’s proteins.)

• Most enzymes work best near pH (____ to ____).

A

6 to 8

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14
Q

____________

Non-protein portion of the enzyme (ex. ____, _____, ____, _____) that is need for proper enzymatic activity .

A

Cofactors/coenzymes
zinc, iron, copper, vitamins

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15
Q

These coenzymes are essential in helping move atoms between molecules in the formation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

A

Vitamins

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16
Q

Exclusively synthesized by bacteria .

Dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products and supplements.

A

Vitamin B12 (Coenzyme)

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17
Q

TWO TYPES OF ENZYME INHIBITORS

A

Competitive inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor

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18
Q

Chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site.

A

Competitive inhibitor

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19
Q

Do not enter active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme & active site to change shape.

A

Non-competitive inhibitor

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20
Q

Cells either get their energy either by ______ or by.

A

photosynthesis
eating stuff

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21
Q

Nearly all chemical reactions in biological cells need ______ to make the reaction occur fast enough to support life.

A

enzymes

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22
Q

The main form of energy from the sun is in the form of ___________

________ is ( white light) used for photosynthesis

A

electromagnetic radiation
Visible radiation

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23
Q

it is a compound that absorbs light

A

pigment

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24
Q

It is a pigment that absorbs red & blue light (photons) so green is reflected or transmitted.

A

chlorophyll

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25
Q

Chlorophyll is located in the _______.

A

chloroplasts

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26
Q

2 TYPES OF CHLOROPHYLL

________ - involved in light reactions
________ - assists in capturing light energy - ________

A

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b
Accessory pigment

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27
Q

______ - accessory pigments - captures more light energy.

Colors:
•
•
•

A

Carotenoids.

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28
Q

In addition to the chlorophyll pigments, there are other pigments present.

During the fall, the green chlorophyll pigments are greatly reduce revealing the other pigments

________ are pigments that are either red, orange and yellow

A

Carotenoids

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29
Q

conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is stored in organic compounds (carbohydrates > glucose)

A

Photosynthesis

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30
Q

Photosynthesis is used by autotrophs such as:
•
•
•

A

• Plants
• Algae
• Some Bacteria (prokaryotes)

Cyanobacteria
Phytoplankton
Euglena

31
Q
  • energy rich chemical produced through photosynthesis
A

glucose

32
Q

series of reactions where the product of one reaction is consumed in the next

A

Biochemical pathway

33
Q

It is a product of photosynthesis which is used in cellular respiration to make ATP

A

Glucose

34
Q

The transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

A

Redox reaction

35
Q

Two types of Redox Reaction
________ - loss of e
________ - gain of e

A

Oxidation
Reduction

36
Q

The loss of electrons substance or the from a gain of oxygen.

A

Oxidation reaction

37
Q

The gain of electrons substance or the to a loss of oxygen.

A

Reduction reaction

38
Q

PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION

Reactants:
Products :

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —– H6C12O6 + 6O2

Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water

Products : glucose and oxygen which is a byproduct

39
Q

mainly occurs in the
a. ______ - pores
b. _________

A

a. Stomata
b. Mesophyll cells

40
Q

Parts of mesophyll cell

A

Chloroplast
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall

41
Q

Pores in a plant’s cuticle through which ______ and ______ are exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.

A

water vapor and gases

42
Q

Organelle where photosynthesis takes place

A

Chloroplast

43
Q

Parts of Chloroplasts

A

Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Stroma
Thylakoid
Granum

44
Q

double membrane organelle that absorbs light energy

A

Chloroplast

45
Q

flattened sacs contain pigment –- chlorophyll

A

Thylakoid

46
Q

layered thylakoids

A

Grana

47
Q

solution around thylakoids

A

Stroma

48
Q

pore on underside of leaf where O2 is released and CO2 enters

A

Stomata

49
Q

______ make up the inner membrane (plant leaves)

A

Grana

50
Q

• ________ is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth
• Plants store energy in the _______________
• Chemical energy is released as ______ during __________

A

Sunlight
chemical bonds of sugars

ATP
cellular respiration

51
Q

ATP stands for ______________

A

adenosine triphosphate

52
Q

ATP is composed of the nitrogen base _______, the pentose (5C) sugar ______, and three _______ groups

The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a _________ chemical bond

A

ADENINE
RIBOSE
PHOSPHATE

HIGH ENERGY

53
Q

Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will

■ Release _________ for cells to use
■Form ________
■ Produce a ___________

A

ENERGY
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
FREE PHOSPHATE GROUP

54
Q

FREE PHOSPHATE can be reattached to ADP reforming ATP

Process called _________

A

Phosphorylation

55
Q

Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH

A

Light reaction

56
Q

Uses energy (ATP and NADPH) from light reaction to make sugar (glucose)

Also called carbon fixation and carbon cycle

A

Calvin cycle

57
Q

Stages of Photosynthesis

A

■STAGE I - LIGHT REACTIONS - energy from sun is used to split water into H+ an O2

■STAGE 2 - energy is converted to chemical energy & stored in ATP & NADPH in stroma

■STAGE 3 - CALVIN CYCLE where carbon is fixed into glucose

58
Q

Occurs in the Thylakoid membranes

A

Light reaction (electron flow)

59
Q

2 possible routes for electron flow:
(Light reaction)

A

• Use Photosystem I and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and generate ATP only

• OR use Photosystem II and Photosystem I with ETC and generate O₂, ATP and NADPH

60
Q

PHOTOCHEMICAL SPLITTING OF WATER (RESTORING PHOTOSYSTEM II)

A

PHOTOLYSIS

61
Q

Synthesis of ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

62
Q

■Powers ATP synthesis
■ Takes place across the thylakoid membrane
■ Uses ETC and ATP synthase
■H+ move down their concentration gradient forming ATP from ADP

A

Chemiosmosis

63
Q

Biochemical pathway in photosynthesis that produces organic compounds using ATP & NADPH

A

Calvin cycle

64
Q

occurs in stroma

A

Calvin cycle

65
Q

carbon atoms from CO bonded or ‘fixed’ into carbohydrates

A

Carbon fixation

66
Q

■ Carbon Fixation
■C3 plants (80% of plants on earth)
■ Occurs in the stroma
■ Uses ATP and NADPH from light reaction as
■ Uses CO₂
■To produce glucose: it takes 6 turns and uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH.

A

Calvin cycle

67
Q

■_______ - use Calvin cycle exclusively
■Form 3-carbon compounds

A

C3 plants

68
Q

■ _______ - evolved in hot, dry climate
■ Form 4-carbon compounds
■ Partially close stomata
■E.g. Corn, sugar cane, crabgrass

A

C4 pathway

69
Q

■ ______ - open stomata at night, close in day
■Grow slow, lose less water
■E.g. cactus, pineapple

A

CAM

70
Q

■Hot, moist environments

■ 15% of plants (grasses, corn, sugarcane)
■ Photosynthesis occurs in 2 places:
■ Light reaction mesophyll cells
Calvin cycle
bundle sheath cells

A

C4 plants

71
Q

■Hot, dry environments
■5% of plants (cactus and ice plants)
■ Stomates closed during day
■ Stomates open during the night
■Light reaction day occurs during the
■ Calvin Cycle occurs when CO₂ is present

A

CAM Plants

72
Q

Rate of photosynthesis is affected by:
•
•
•

A

Light intensity
CO2
Temperature

73
Q

■________ converts light energy into chemical energy thru series of biochemical pathways
■ ______ excite in photosystem II - move along ETC to photosystem I
■ electrons are replaced when water is split
■ _______ is by product of photosynthesis
■ synthesized across thylakoid
■ _______ - carbon is fixed & sugar produced
■ 3 turns produce _____ (__ keeps cycle going)
■ Other pathways - C3, C4, CAM

A

Photosynthesis
Electrons
oxygen
Calvin cycle
PGAL

74
Q

It is used to help alcoholics inhibits aldehyde oxidase in the accumulation of acetaldehyde (say asi’tell , resulting hide) during the metabolism of alcohol.

A

Antabuse

CMB (Finals) (2 decks)

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