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Biochemistry Block 4 > Biochemical Nutrition > Flashcards

Biochemical Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Calories required to maintain body weight:

  1. Sedentary
  2. Moderate activity
  3. Very active
A
  1. 30 kcal/kg/day
  2. 35
  3. 40
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2
Q

Why do you need to have vitamins by diet?

A

They are organic compounds that cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities

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3
Q
  1. Many vitamins act as what 3 things for enzymes?

2. Vitamins are required for what 3 things for normal cellular function

A
  1. Cofactor, coenzymes, or prosthetic groups

2. Growth, differentiation, and maintenance

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4
Q
  1. What is the biologically active form of vitamin b1
  2. Serves as a coenzyme for what enzyme? Converts what to what?
  3. Serves as a coenzyme for what process? What enzymes are involved in this process?
A
  1. Thiamine pyrophosphate
  2. Transketolase (ribose 5 p -> glyceraldehyde 3 p)
  3. Oxidative decarboxylation in TCA cycle (pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase)
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5
Q

Thiamine deficiency will lead to what 2 disorders?

A

Beriberi and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

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6
Q

Beriberi:

  1. Common in areas where what food is major part of the diet?
  2. Wet beriberi affects? Causes what 2 conditions?
  3. Dry beriberi affects? Causes?
A
  1. Polished rice
  2. Heart; heart failure and weakened capillary walls
  3. Peripheral nerves; wasting/partial paralysis
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7
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome:

  1. Associated with what?
  2. Caused by what 2 things?
  3. 3 symptoms?
A
  1. Chronic alcoholism
  2. Dietary insufficiency or impaired intestinal absorption of the vitamin
  3. Apathy, loss of memory, and nystagmus (eyes back and forth)
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8
Q

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

  1. 2 biologically active forms?
  2. These active forms are important for flavoenzymes that catalyze?
  3. Riboflavin deficiencies may arise in newborns treated for ?
  4. Deficiency symptoms include what 3 things?
A
  1. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
  2. Oxidation or reduction of a substrate (electron transfer)
  3. Hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy
  4. Dermatitis, cheilosis (fissuring at the corners of the mouth), and glossitis (tongue appears purple)
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9
Q

Niacin (B3)

  1. 2 biologically active forms
  2. These forms serve as coenzymes for?
  3. Whats a precursor for niacin?
  4. __ mg of tryptophan can generate 1 mg of niacin
  5. Depending on what food can cause niacin deficiency?
A
  1. NAD+ and NADP+
  2. Oxidation-reduction reactions (ETC, TCA)
  3. Dietary tryptophan
  4. 60mg
  5. Corn
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10
Q
  1. Deficiency of niacin can cause what disease? 3 symptoms of this disease
  2. Niacin causes decrease in __ and __
A
  1. Pellagra; dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (skin, GIT, CNS symptoms)
  2. Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol (in VLDL and LDL) - decrease in lipolysis
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11
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

  1. Component of? Which functions in the transfer of?
  2. Role in ?
  3. Is deficiency rare?
A
  1. Coenzyme A; acyl groups
  2. Synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
  3. Yes
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12
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

  1. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine are all derivatives of?
  2. Biologically active coenzyme?
  3. Functions as a coenzyme for those in reactions that involve?
  4. What drug can induce B6 deficiency?
  5. Deficiency is common in what 3 kinds of people?
  6. What is unique about B6
A
  1. Pyridine
  2. Pyridoxal phosphate
  3. Amino acids
  4. Isoniazid
  5. Alcoholics, women who take contraceptives, and some newborns
  6. Only water soluble vitamin that leads to toxicity
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13
Q

Biotin (B7)

  1. Coenzyme in what kind of reactions?
  2. Why is deficiency rare?
  3. What is avidin and what does it do
  4. 5 symptoms of deficiency
A
  1. Carboxylation
  2. It is widely distributed in food and large quantity supplied by intestinal bacteria
  3. A glycoprotein in raw egg whites which binds biotin and prevents its absorption from the intestine
  4. Dermatitis, alopecia, glossitis, loss of appetite and nausea
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14
Q

Folic acid (folate)(B9)

  1. Key role in what kind of metabolism?
  2. Essential for __ of several compounds
  3. Humans need folate in order to __; so it is especially important during periods of __
  4. Active form?
A
  1. One carbon
  2. Biosynthesis
  3. Synthesize and repair DNA; rapid cell division and growth
  4. Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
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15
Q
  1. THF is involved in the synthesis of what 3 things?

2. Folic acid deficiency will lead to ?

A
  1. Amino acids, purines, and thymidine monophosphate (TMP)

2. Megaloblastic anemia (aka macrocytic anemia)

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16
Q

Megaloblastic anemia:

  1. Accumulation of?
  2. Caused by diminished synthesis of what 2 things?
  3. Leads to an inability of cells to do what?
A
  1. Large immature red cell precursors in the bone marrow and blood
  2. Purines and TMP
  3. Make DNA (therefore they cannot divide)
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17
Q
  1. Microcytic anemia is deficiency in what 3 things? __ HgB concentration
  2. Normocytic anemia is caused by?
  3. Macrocytic deficiency in what 2 things? Hypersegmented __
A
  1. Iron, copper and pyridoxine; low
  2. Decreased number of cells
  3. Vitamin B12 and folate; neutrophils
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18
Q
  1. Folic acid deficiency causes what 2 neural tube defects?

2. Recommended folate dose for women of childbearing age

A
  1. Spina bifida and anencephaly

2. 0.4 mg/day

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19
Q

Cobalamin (B12)

  1. Key for what 2 things?
  2. Required for what 2 essential enzymatic reactions
  3. B12 is only synthesized by? So what type of people need to supplement with B12?
  4. How do animals obtain B12? (2)
  5. This is the only water soluble vitamin that
  6. Deficiency will lead to ?
A
  1. Normal functioning of the nervous system and for formation of blood
  2. Homocysteine to methionine and methylmelonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
  3. Microorganisms (not present in plants); vegans need to supplement
  4. From intestinal bacterial flora or by eating foods derived from other animals
  5. Can be stored in the liver
  6. Pernicious anemia
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20
Q

Pernicious anemia:

  1. Results from?
  2. So pernicious anemia leads to?
  3. When B12 reaches the blood, what does it bind to
  4. How do you diagnose it?
  5. Advanced cases show as __ symptoms
A
  1. Lack of intrinsic factor preventing absorption of B12
  2. Deficiency of B12 (not caused by deficiency)
  3. Transcobalmin
  4. Schilling test
  5. Neuropsychiatric
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21
Q

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

  1. Acts as a __ in several reactions
  2. Coenzyme for __ synthesis - so helpful for ?
  3. Facilitates the absorption of __
  4. Works as an __
  5. Deficiency leads to
A
  1. Reducing agent
  2. Collagen synthesis - wound healing
  3. Dietary iron from the intestine
  4. Antioxidant
  5. Scurvy
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22
Q

Scurvy causes what 5 things?

A

Sore/spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, and anemia

23
Q

Vitamin A:

  1. Retinoids are essential for what 4 processes?
  2. Has 3 chemicals forms that you can get from what part of your diet?
  3. Beta carotene is contained in what kind of food? Yields 2 molecules of?
A
  1. Vision, reproduction, growth, and maintenance of epithelial tissues
  2. Eating meat
  3. Plant food; retinal
24
Q

Type of group and function of the following chemical forms of vitamin A

  1. Retinol
  2. Retinoic acid
  3. Retinal
A
  1. Hydroxyl- supports reproduction
  2. Carboxyl- maintenance of epithelial tissues
  3. Aldehyde- vision
25
Q

Functions of vitamin A for vision:

  1. Component of ?
  2. What is rhodopsin?
  3. Consists of __ bound to opsin
  4. When rhodopsin is exposed to light, opsin and __ are released
A
  1. Visual pigments of rod and cone cells
  2. Visual pigment of the rod cells
  3. 11-cis retinal
  4. All trans retinal
26
Q
  1. What 2 roles does vitamin A play in reproduction?

2. Essential for normal differentiation of __ and __

A
  1. Supports spermatogenesis and prevents fetal resorption in the pregnant female
  2. Epithelial tissues and mucus secretion
27
Q

Eye problems

  1. Earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency
  2. Severe vitamin A deficiency leads to __ which is?
  3. If untreated, __ will occur, then blindness
A
  1. Night blindness
  2. Xerophthalmia-pathologic dryness of the conjunctive and cornea
  3. Corneal ulceration (formation of opaque scar tissue)
28
Q

Skin problems:

  1. Hyper__ of skin
  2. Susceptibility to
  3. What 2 common skin problems
A
  1. Hyperkeratinisation
  2. Infections
  3. Acne and psoriasis
29
Q

Vitamin D

  1. Have __-like functions
  2. Active molecule? Regulates the levels of what 2 things
  3. Where are ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) found?
  4. __ gets converted to cholecalciferol in skin exposed to sunlight
A
  1. Hormone
  2. Calcitriol (1,25-DHCC); calcium and phosphate
  3. D2=plants; D3= animal tissues
  4. 7-dehydrocholesterol
30
Q

Effects of vitamin D on the following organs:

  1. Intestine
  2. Kidney; effect of PTH?
  3. Bone (effect of vitamin D + PTH)
A
  1. Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
  2. Vitamin D= prevents phosphate excretion; PTH=prevents calcium excretion and stimulates phosphate excretion (increases reabsorption)
  3. Stimulates mobilization of calcium and phosphate from bone; increases plasma calcium and phosphate
31
Q

So bone is important reservoir of calcium that can be mobilized to

A

Maintain plasma levels

32
Q
  1. Vitamin D deficiency causes __. What is this called in children and in adults
  2. Describe each of the above disorders and what they cause
  3. Renal rickets (osteodystrophy) results from? What effect does this have on vitamin D
  4. Hypoparathyroidism causes what 2 things? Treated with what 2 things?
A
  1. Net demineralization of bone; rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
  2. Rickets= collagen matrix of bone forms but incomplete mineralization leads to soft bones
    Osteomalacia= demineralization of existing bones; increases chance of fracture
  3. Chronic renal failure; decreased ability to form the active form of the vitamin
  4. Hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia; treated with vitamin D and PTH
33
Q
  1. Most active component of vitamin E
  2. Works as an antioxidant to prevent __
  3. Example?
A
  1. Alpha-tocopherol
  2. Oxidation of cell components
  3. Polyunsaturated fatty acids by molecule oxygen and free radicals
34
Q

Deficiency of vitamin E

  1. Commonly seen in
  2. In adults, it is usually associated from
  3. 3 signs of vitamin E deficiency
A
  1. Premature infants
  2. Defective lipid absorption or transport
  3. Sensitivity of RBC to peroxide, abnormal appearance of RBC membranes, and acanthocytosis
35
Q

Vitamin K

  1. Needed for normal __
  2. Required in hepatic synthesis of what 2 things?
A
  1. Blood clotting

2. Prothrombin and blood clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

36
Q
  1. Why is vitamin K deficiency rare
  2. What causes hypoprothrombinemia
  3. What can it lead to
  4. Why do newborns have to have a vitamin K shot?
A
  1. Its produced by intestinal bacteria
  2. Decreased gut bacteria (by antibiotics)
  3. Bleeding tendencies
  4. They have sterile intestines
37
Q

Minerals: Calcium

  1. In what 2 parts of body mostly
  2. Regulates function of what 2 things
  3. Functions in __ because it is a cofactor for
  4. Absorption requires
  5. Regulated by what 3 things
A
  1. Bones and teeth
  2. Nerve and muscle function
  3. Blood clotting; prothrombinase
  4. Calbindin
  5. Vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin
38
Q

Functions of vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin

A

Vitamin D and PTH increase absorption in the intestine/increase bone resorption

Calcitonin decreases bone resorption

39
Q
  1. Hypocalcemia will cause __ in children; __ in adults
  2. Hypercalcemia is due to what 2 things
  3. Symptoms of hypercalcemia
A
  1. Rickets; osteomalacia
  2. Excess absorption due to hypervitaminosis D and hyperparathyroidism
  3. Kidney stones, bone pain, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, polyuria, depression, anxiety, cognitive dysfunction, insomnia, coma
40
Q

Phosphorous:

  1. Located where in the body
  2. Component of ?
  3. Involved in ?
  4. Regulated by ?
  5. Serum levels are regulated by ?
A
  1. Bone and teeth (hydroxyapatite)
  2. ATP and nucleic acids
  3. Acid-base balance
  4. PTH and vitamin D
  5. Kidney reabsorption
41
Q
  1. Hyperphosphatemia is caused by what 2 things
  2. Low serum Ca:P stimulates __; can cause what 2 things?
  3. Symptoms of hyperphosphatemia
A
  1. Low PTH and renal failure
  2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism; can cause hypercalcemia and bone loss
  3. Fatigue, annorexia, nausea/vomiting, sleep disturbances
42
Q

Sodium

  1. Principal cation in
  2. Regulates what 5 things
  3. Metabolism is regulated by what 2 things
A
  1. Extracellular fluid
  2. Plasma volume, acid-base balance, nerve/muscle function, glucose absorption, Na/K ATPase
  3. Aldosterone and renin
43
Q
  1. Aldosterone increases __ and decreases __
  2. Renin secreted by kidney in response to?
  3. Renin converts __ to __; which is then converted to __ to stimulate?
A
  1. Increases blood levels and decreases excretion in urine
  2. Low blood Na
  3. Angiotensinogen -> angiotensin I -> angiotensin II by ACE to stimulate aldosterone secretion from adrenal gland
44
Q

Sodium:

  1. Hyponatremia is caused by __ not __
  2. Caused secondary to?
  3. Hypernatremia is caused by?
A
  1. Dilution by excess water not sodium deficiency
  2. Injury or illness
  3. Dehydration, rarely from sodium intake
45
Q

Potassium

  1. Principal cation in
  2. Regulated by __; what does it do
  3. Hypokalemia is secondary to
  4. Hyperkalemia is caused by; give an example of an associated disease
A
  1. Intracellular fluid
  2. Aldosterone; lowers blood K levels by excreting it into the urine
  3. Illness/injury
  4. Renal insuffiency, medications, mineral corticoid deficiency (Addisons)
46
Q

Copper:

  1. What is ceruloplasmin
  2. Ceruloplasmin also has a role in
  3. Removed from plasma by
A
  1. Major carrier in plasma of copper
  2. Iron absorption
  3. Liver
47
Q
  1. Copper deficiency is secondary to what 2 things

2. Copper toxicity is secondary to what disease

A
  1. Zn toxicity and Menkes syndrome

2. Wilsons disease

48
Q

Wilsons disease:

  1. Mutations in what gene
  2. Function of this gene
  3. So defect in this gene causes?
  4. Symptoms
A
  1. ATP7B
  2. Copper cation pump
  3. Accumulation of copper and decreased plasma ceruloplasmin
  4. Neurological/kayser-fleischer rings (around eyes)
49
Q

Menkes disease:

  1. Aka
  2. Caused by
  3. Presentation
  4. Mutation in which gene?
  5. Cu is high where in the body; low?
A
  1. Kinky/steely hair disease
  2. Maldistribution of Cu in tissues
  3. Sagging facial features, osteoporosism seizures, developmental delay
  4. ATP7A
  5. High in intestine, spleen, kidney and muscle; low in brain and plasma
50
Q

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in developed countries vs developing countries

A

Developed= decreases appetite or alters how nutrients are digested/absorbed (trauma/infection)

Developing= inadequate intake of protein; depresses your immune system

51
Q

2 types of PEM: Kwashiorkor vs Marasmus

A

K= protein deprivation is greater than the reduction in total calories

M= calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

52
Q

Kwashiorkor:

  1. Decreased synthesis of
  2. Seen in children after
  3. Symptoms
  4. Edema is result of
A
  1. Visceral protein
  2. Weaning at about 1 year of age when their diet is mostly carbs
  3. Edema, decreased plasma albumin, enlarged fatty liver, skin lesions
  4. Inadequate plasma proteins to maintain distribution of water between blood and tissues
53
Q

Marasmus:

  1. Usually occurs at what age? Why
  2. Symptoms
  3. Main difference between previous in symptoms?
A
  1. Less than a year when breast milk is supplemented with watery stuff
  2. Arrested growth, muscle wasting, weakness, anemia
  3. No edema in this disease

Biochemistry Block 4 (9 decks)

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