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Biochemical Engineering Flashcards

1
Q

What does is Red Biotechnology contain?

A

1) Health applications
2) Medical applications
e.g.
Gene therapy, Drug developement

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2
Q

What does Green Biotechnology contain?

A

1) Agriculture applications
2) Farming apllications
e.g.
Pest resistant crops, Probiotics for farm animals

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3
Q

What does white biotechnology contain?

A

1) Manufacturing
2) Industrial
e.g.
Biopolymer production, Biofuel-producing microalgae

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4
Q

What does grey biotechnology contain?

A

1) Environmental
e.g.
Bioremeditation of chemical spills, Gene drives to control invasive species.

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5
Q

What does Pink biotechnology contain?

A

1) Human Welfare
2) leisure
e.g.
Anti-hangover probiotics, Glowing bacterial lamp

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6
Q

What does Yellow BioTechnology contain?

A

1)Food processing
2) Nutrition
e.g.
Brewing, lactose free dairy

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7
Q

What does Brown Biotechnology contain?

A

1) Improving living conditions in arid and desertic areas

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8
Q

What does Blue biotechnology contain?

A

1) Sustaining water resources
e.g. GM fishes for fish farms wastewater

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9
Q

What are key properties of Cell Factories?

A

1) Saftety
- Non-pathogenic.
- Safe for environment.

2) Versatility
- Can utilize different substrates.
- Produce multiple products.

3) Defined metabolic and genetic background
- Genome sequence is available.
- Most important metabolic pathways are known.

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10
Q

What types of microorganisms are there?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Yeast
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11
Q

What cell cultures exists?

A
  • Plant cells
  • Insect cells
  • Animal cells
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12
Q

What facts do you know about bacteria?
- Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic (compartments or not)?
- size?
- Growth?
- Low, medium or high Metabolic activity?
- Amount of medium required?
- GRAS?

A
  • Prokaryotic (with no compartments)
  • size: 0.2-20um
  • Growth: t_2 = 0.2-1 hour (or longer)
  • High metabolic activity
  • Ease of cultivation = minimum medium required.
  • Many GRAS
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13
Q

What facts do you know about Yeast?
- Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
- size?
- Growth?
- Ease of cultivation in what?
- low or high pH tolerance?
- GRAS?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • size: 10 um
  • Growth: t_2 = 2-10hour
  • ease of cultivation in defined media.
  • Tolerance of low pH (2-5)
  • Mainly GRAS
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14
Q

Saccharomyes cerevisial:
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Yeast
  • Beer and baking yeast: ethanol
  • Protein and enzyme expression
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15
Q

Komagataella phaffi (pichia pastoris):
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Yeast
  • enzyme and protein expression
  • Methylotrophic (methanol utilization)
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16
Q

Yarrow Lipolytica:
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Yeast
  • Oleaginous yeast = lipid producing.
  • Organic acids and sugar alcohols
  • Protein and enzyme expression
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17
Q

What facts do you know about Fungi?
- Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic ( compartments or no)?
- size?
- Ease of cultivation in what?
- low or high pH tolerance?
- GRAS?

A
  • Eukaryotic, with compartments
  • up to 100um
  • Ease of cultivation in defined media.
  • Tolerance of low pH (2-3).
  • Mainly GRAS
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18
Q

What does GRAS mean?

A

Generally Recognized As Safe

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19
Q

Aspergillus niger:
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Fungi
  • Produces: citric acid
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20
Q

Penicillium chrysogenum:
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Fungi
  • Produces: Penicilin.
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21
Q

Trichoderma reesei:
- What type of microorganism ?
- What does it produce?

A
  • Fungi
  • Produces: cellulases and hemicellulases.
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22
Q

What do you know about ethanol production?

  • produced by?
  • produced from?
  • type of process (and why)?
  • Bioreactor scale?
A
  • Produced by baker’s yeast: saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Produced from sucrose
  • Fed-batch ( to avoid
    catabolite repression + continuous ethanol removal to avoid excess biomass formation.
  • Bioreactor scale = 500m^3
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23
Q

What do you know about Citric Acid production

  • Produced by?
  • What substances are highly needed?
  • What pH is needed?
  • Citric acid used in?
A
  • Produced by Aspergillus niger.
  • High substrate (glucose) and oxygen needed
  • Low pH
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24
Q

What do you know about Glutamic Acid Production?

  • Produced by?
  • substrate = ?
  • Derived from?
  • Glutamic Acid used as?
A
  • Produced by C. glutamicum
  • Substrate = cheap sugar sources e.g. starch.
  • Derived from TCA (tricarboxylic acid)
  • used as flavour inhancer (“umami”)
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25
Q

What do you know about 1,3-propanediol production?
- produced by?
- How is microorganism engineered to enable this production?

A
  • produced by Escherichia coli.
  • Metabolically enginnered by deletion of sideways.
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26
Q

What forms of recombinant proteins exists?

A
  • Soluble protein (e.g. cytoplasm)
  • Inclusion bodies (IB) = aggregated expressed protein
  • Fusion proteins = fusion partner can make protein purification easier
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27
Q

What recombinant protein products exist?

A
  • Hormones
  • Growth factors
  • Cytokines
  • Enzymes
  • Blood clotting factors
  • Vaccines
  • Monoclonal antibodies
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28
Q

Four examples of technical substrates and their contents.

A

1) Mono-/disaccherides
- Fruit juices (10-30%)
- starch/cellulose hydrolysates (70%)
- Glucose hydrate

2) Sucrose
- Sugar beets, sugar cane (15%-22%)
- raw suger
- molasses

3) malt extract
- fermentable sugars
- nitrogen, vitamins (1%)

4) Lactose: milk/whey (3-8%)
- Natural form or dried
- pure lactose

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29
Q

What is the Crabtree effect?

A

Higher glucose concentration in fermentation broth (>100mg/L) leads to ethanol formation in the presence of oxygen (S.cerevisiae)

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30
Q

What is the law of conservation?

A

Mass in a closed system remains the same during a chemical reaction

Matter cannot be destroyed but rearranged:

mass of educts = mass of products

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31
Q

What process types exists?

A
  • Batch Process
  • Semi-batch Process
  • Fed-Batch process
  • Continuous process
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32
Q

What is characteristic about a Batch process?

A
  • All materials are added to the system at the start of the process.
  • Closed through reaction
  • End products removed when the reaction is complete
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33
Q

What is characteristic about the semi-batch process?

A
  • Allows either input or output of mass (not both).
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34
Q

What is characteristic about the fed-batch process?

A
  • Allows input of material into the system but no output.
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35
Q

Whats is characteristic about the continuous process?

A
  • Allows matter to flow in and out of the system
  • If rates of mass input and output are equal, then continuous process can be operated indefinetly.
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36
Q

Formular: Rate of accumulation of mass within system

A

dM_i/dt = [Accumulation] = [in]-[out]-[consumption]

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37
Q

Formular: Convective mass flow rate.

A

[convective mass flow rate] = Volumetric flow rate * m/V

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38
Q

Fick’s Law (Diffusion of components)

A

j_i=-D_i * d c_i/d Z_i

j_i = diffusion flux of component
c_i = concentration of component
D_i = diffusioncoefficient of component
Z = position (dZ = position difference)

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39
Q

Formular: total mass flow

A

total mass flow = F*ρ

F = force (A*v)
*A = area, v = velocity
ρ = density

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40
Q

Formular: Component mass flow (M_i)

A

M_i = F*c_i

F = force (A*v)
*A = area, v = velocity
c_i = concentration of component

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41
Q

Formular: substrate consumption rate (r_s)

A

r_s = r_x/ (Y_x/s) * V

r_s = substrate consumption rate
r_x = growth rate per volume
Y_x/s = yield = mass produced per substrate

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42
Q

How many available electrons does the following atoms have: C,H,O,P,S, N(ammonia, nitrate, molecular).

A

C = 4
H = 1
O = -2
P = 5
S = 6
N (amonia) = -3
N (nitrate) = 5
N (molecular) = 0

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43
Q

Formular: Degree of reduction?

A

DoR = (Available electrons_i*Number of that atom_i)/Number of carbon atoms

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44
Q

What are the molecular components of biomass?

A
  • Protein: 32-55%
  • Carbohydrates: 9-49%
  • Lipids: 7-8%
  • Nucleic Acids: 5-23%
  • Ash: 5-10%
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45
Q

What are the growth phases in batch cultures?

A
  • Lag
  • Acceleration
  • Growth
  • Decline
  • Stationary
  • Death
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46
Q

What is the michalis-menten equation?

A

v = v_max*[S]/(K_m+[S])

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47
Q

What is the Lineweaver-Burke equation?

A

1/v=K_m/v_max*1/[S]+1/v_max

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48
Q

What is competitive inhibition?
And what is the formular?

A
  • Substrate and inhibitor are similar and compete for binding to the enzyme.

v = v_max* [S]/(k_m*(1+[S]/[I])+[S])

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49
Q

What is uncompetitive inhibition?
And what is the formular?

A

Inhibitor does not bind the free enzyme but the enzyme-substrate complex.

v = v_max*[S]/(k_m+[S] *(1+([I]/K_I)))

K_I = inhibitions constant

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50
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition?
And what is the formular?

A

Inhibitior can bind to enzyme or enzyme-substrate complex.
v = v_max[S]/((1[S]/K_I)*(K_m+[S]))

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51
Q

Formular: Mass balance accumulation in bioreactor.

A

[Accumulation] = V_R* dc_i/dt + c_i*dV_R/dt

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52
Q

What is the T-R-Y metrics?

A
  • Titer of product [g/L] “How much?”
  • volumetric Rates [g/L*h]
    “How fast?”
  • Yield [g/g]
    “How efficient?”
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53
Q

What is a volumentric rate (+ formular)?

A

r_i = change in concentration

r_i = dc_i/dt

54
Q

Yield Coefficient

A

Y_i/j = dc_i/dc_j

e.g.
Y_i/j = dc_i/dc_j = (2.5-0)/(10-0) = 0.25 g/g

55
Q

What is the respitatory coefficient? And how is it calculated?

A
  • Gives information about metabolic activity. ‘
  • Vales should be around 1
  • if RQ is not = 1, then the product has low molecular weight.

RQ = CTR/OUR

CTR = carbondioxide production rate
OUR = oxygene uptake rate

56
Q

Formulars: Batch-process mass balance (3 formulars)

A
  • Biomass: r_x = dc_x/dt = v*[x]
  • Substrate: r_s = d [S]/dt = r_x/Y_x/s
  • Product: d[p]/dt = (k_1+k_2*v) * [x]
57
Q

Formulars: fed-batch-process mass balance (3 formulars)

A
  • Biomass: r_x = q_x * [x] = v*[x]
  • Substrate: r_s = q_s * [x]
  • Product: r_p = q_p * [x]

–> Needs to increase the substrate constantly to keep a constant growth rate (need for more substrate as more cells are produced).

58
Q

Formular: substrate uptake.

A

q_s = a * v + b * q_p + m_s

q_s = substarte uptake rate
a = a coefficient
v = growth rate
b = b coefficient
q_p = product formation rate
m_s = substrate rate used for maintanance.

59
Q

What are shifts in transient characterization?

A
  • Needed during start-up of contineuos culture
  • Can be used to establish “new” steady state conditions
  • e.g. shift of D/v, pH, substrate in feed.
60
Q

What is pulse?

A
  • Addition of compound to a continuous culture in steady state.

-Removal of compound also represents a pulse but only possible for gaseous compounds, not liquid.

61
Q

What types of Auxostats do you know?

A
  • Chemostat (constant)
  • Turbidostat/ permittistat (Optical density)
  • pH-auxo (pH)
  • nutristat (substrate concentration)
62
Q

What is a chemostat?

A
  • system in which the chemical composition is kept at a controlled and constant level.
  • Fresh medium is continuously added at same rate as product is removed.
  • v < vmax
63
Q

What is a Turbidostat?

A
  • A continuous microbiological device.
  • Has no limiting nutrient
  • Turbidity/ permittivity of the medium is constant
  • Dilution rate varies
  • Turbidity/Permittivity of the medium is constant
64
Q

Formular: Oxygen Transer Rate (OTR).

A

OTR = N_a = K_L * a * (c*-c)

K_L = can be changed through the process
c* = max concentration of gas in reaction

c = concentration measured

(c*-c) = the driving force

65
Q

What bioreactors exists?

A
  • Stirred tank reactor (STR)
  • vibromixer
  • Bubble colums
  • Tubular tower fermenter
  • Airlift bioreactors
  • Fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR)
  • Trickle-bed bioreactor
  • disposable bioreactor
66
Q

What are the advantages of a Stirred Tank Reactor (STR) ?

A
  • Homogeneous distribution
  • Adequate mixing and aeration
  • Temperature control
  • Aseptic and reliable
  • low energy demand
  • pH demand
  • easy to handle
  • Material stability
67
Q

What are the typical scales for production of different product types sterile and unsterile?

A

Sterile:
- Tissue culture = 100L
- DNA products = < 5M^3
- Vaccines < 5 m^3
- Insulin = 40 m^3
- Ethanol = 70 m^3
- Protease = 4-100 m^3
- yeast = 200 m^3
- Penecilin = 40 - 200 m^3
- Beer = 250 m^3
- Enzymes = 200 - 800 m^3

Unsterile:
- Wastewater treatment = 20000 m^3

68
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of a vibromixer reactor?

A

+
- Gentle mechanic mixing
- Little shear forces
- Very good oxygen transfer (OTR)
- high efficiency of mixing plate
- Used to generate emulsions

%
- complicated construction and difficult scale-up

69
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of a Bubble column reactor?

A

+
- pneumatic mixing
- simple design and little shear forces

%
- High air consumption
- long mixing times
- foam formation

70
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of a Turbular Tower Fermentor (reactor)?

A

+
- perforated plates installed better OTR (use of air)

%
- difficult mixing of cells

71
Q

How does a Fluidized bed bioreactor (FBR) work?

A
  • Fluid pumped through solid carriers
  • Materials (enzyme, cells) at lower fluid velocity = carriers remain in place
  • Fluid velocity increases = carriers swirl around = fluidized bed reactor
  • often used in gasoline and polymer industry
72
Q

How does a Trickle-bed bioreactor work?

A
  • Liquid pumped through solid carriers
  • fine film formed on particles
  • continuous operation possible

%
- complex hydrodynamics and mass transfer events.

73
Q

What are advantages and limitations about disposable bioreactors?

A

+
- No sterilization or cleaning required
- Less validation effort
- Increased flexibility especially in multipurpose facilities.
- Increased turnover time.

%
- Limited scale (< 3000L)
- High consumable cost
- extractables

74
Q

How does a Solid State fermentor work (SSF)?

A
  • microorganisms grown on a solid support
  • Used for filamentous fungi (e.g. cellulose production)
  • Rotating drum bioreactor
75
Q

Formular: How is the Reynolds number (RE) calculated?

A

RE = (D * u * ρ)/ μ

D = diameter of pipe [m]
u = avaerage linear velocity [m/s]
ρ = fluid density [kg/m^3]
μ = fluid viscosity [Pas][kg/(ms)]

76
Q

Formular: For specific Reynolds number, how is the Re_i calculated?

A

Re_i = (N_iD_iρ)/μ

D = diameter of pipe [m]
N_i = stirrer speed [1/s]
ρ = fluid density [kg/m^3]
μ = fluid viscosity [Pas][kg/(ms)]

77
Q

What are shear forces in a bioreactor?

A
  • Interaction between cells and fluid turbulance.
  • collision with other cells
  • Bubbles traveling through liquid
  • As turbulence increases eddy size will decrease and shear forces will increase
78
Q

How can you reduce shear stress?

A

-Medium addtives e.g. pluronic68
- reduce gas flow
- adapt stirring configuration
- smaller systems: bubble free aeration

79
Q

What does the required power for bioreactors depend on?

A
  • stirrer speed
  • impeller shape and size
  • tank geometry
  • fluid density
  • viscosity
80
Q

Formular: What is the power number (Np)?

A

Np = P/(ρN_i^3D_i^5)

Np = power number [dimensionless]
ρ = density [kg/m^3]
N_i = stirring speed [s^-1]
D_i = diamenter of impeller

81
Q

What types of aeration in bioreactor are there?

A
  • Head space aeration
  • self-priming stirrer
  • pressure aeration
  • membrane aeration
82
Q

What is the definition of defusion?

A
  • Molecule movement in mixture due to concentration difference
  • Diffusion occurs in direction to distroy the concentration gradient.
  • Molecular diffusion is described by Fick’s 1st law of diffusion
83
Q

Formular: (diffusion coefficient) Stokes-Einstein Equation

A

D_AB = kT/6piηr_H

k = Boltzmann constant
T = temp. [K]
η = dynamic viscosity of the liquid
r_H = hydrodynamic radius of particle [m]

84
Q

Which formular is Mass trasfer rates formular identical to?

A

Oxgygen tranfer rate (OTR)
= k_La(c*-c)

85
Q

Formular: What is Henry’s law?

A

P_AG = H * C_AL* = P_T * Y_AG

P_AG = gas partial pressure of A in gas [bar]
H = Henry constant [mol/m^3Pa]
C_AL = max solubility of A in the liquid [kg/m^3]
p_T = total gas pressure [bar]
Y_AG = conc. A in the gas (mole fraction)

86
Q

What is foam in reactor tank?

A
  • Foam = trapped gas bubbles in a liquid
87
Q

What can you use against foam and how does it work?

A
  • ANti foam = organic and silicone based types
  • They destabilizes foam lamellas.
88
Q

Formular: What is the formular for heat transfer?

A

Q = U * A * dT

Q = rate of heat transfer [w]
U = heat transfer coefficient [w/(m^2*k)]
A = area of heat transfer [m^-2]
dT = temp.diff. (reactor cooling) [K].

89
Q

What is the goal of a sccale up?

A

To increase the working volume, but to keep physiology and productivity constant

90
Q

Formular: What is the scale-up criterion:

A

P/V = NpPN^3*D^5/V

91
Q

What it the scale up criterion for mixing time?

A

t_m = V/N*d^3

V = working volume
N = impeller rotational speed [rpm]
d = impeller diameter
t_m = mixing time

92
Q

In the topic sensors what are CCPs?

A

Control and monitor Critical Process parameter (CCPs)

93
Q

In the topic sensors what are CQAs?

A

ensure Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs)

94
Q

Sensors - what to consider?

A
  • types of sensing - what is being monitored
  • How is parameter measured
  • precision and accuracy
  • Resolution (range)
  • Calibration and repeatability
  • stability
  • linearity
  • response time
  • power consumption
  • costs
95
Q

What classifications of sensors are there?

A
  • Acoustic
  • Magnetic
  • Mechanical
  • Electrical
  • Temperature
  • Optical
96
Q

How does Gas Chromatography work (GC)?

A
  • Used for analysing and seperating compounds that can be vaporized (without decomposition)
  • seperates compounds through a stationary phase and a mobile phase (carrier gas)
97
Q

Formular: Capacitance (Di-electric spectroscopy)

A

C = Q/U

C = capacity [farad]
Q = charge [coulomb]
U = voltage [Volt]

98
Q

What is flow cytometry (FCM)

A
  • is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles
    –> number of cells
    –> morphological characteristics
  • Lasers used to produce both scattered and flouresent light signals

Flourosent reagtens:
- DNA binding dyes
- ion indicator dyes
- fluorescently binding dyes.

99
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of flow cytometry?

A

ADVANTAGES:
- Characterization at single cell level

  • Several attributes measured at once
  • Good differentiation between OM and IM

DISADVANTAGES:
- Expensive and toxic

  • high sample dilution strains
  • complex automation
100
Q

What types of spectroscopy are there?

A
  • IR- spectroscopy
  • RAMAN spectroscopy
  • Fluoresent spectroscopy
  • NMR spectroscopy
101
Q

How does spectroscopy work?

A
  • Spectroscopy is electromagnetic radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter
102
Q

What is high Performance liquid chromatography? What can there be seperated based on?

A
  • Based on interaction of analyte with stationary phase and mobile phase.

Seperation principles:
- Normal phase (stationary phase polar)
- Reversed phase (stationary phase polar)
- Ion exchange
- Size exclusion
- Affinity

103
Q

What is IM integretity and OM? integretity?

A

The cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, a structure comprising an outer (OM) and an inner (IM) membrane, is essential for life.

IM Integretity= Im integretity marker = substances occuring in the cytoplasm

OM = OM Integretity marker = substances occouring in the periplasm

104
Q

What tools can be used to measure density?

A
  • hydrometer
  • pycnometer
  • hydrostatic balance
105
Q

What tools can be used to measure viscosity?

A
  • ubbelohole viscosimeter
  • Rotational viscosimeter
  • vibrational viscosimeter
106
Q

What is PAT?

A

PAT = technology to design, analyse and control pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.

1) multivariate data aquistion
2) Process analytic tools
3) knowlegde mangement tools

107
Q

What is downstream processing (DSP)?

A

Downstream processing (DSP)
= Recovery and purification of biosynthetic products.

GOALS:
- concentration (removal of water)
- Purification (removal of contaminants)
- Polishing (removal of adventitious agents).

108
Q

What are the differences between upstream and downstream processing?

A

Upstream:
- Live organisms
- Large volumens
- many components
- Heterogeneous mixture
- capital intensive
- Automated
- Few operations
- lower cost materials

Downstream:
- No organisms
- Progressively smaller volumes
- Progressively fewer components
- homogeneous solution
- labor intensive
- manual
- many operations
- higher cost materials

109
Q

How can cells be lysed?

A
  • Osmotic shock
  • Thermal (freezing)
  • Chemical Treatments
110
Q

Formular: What is the Bernoulli principle?

A

e = ( u^2/2 )+ ( p/ρ ) + g*z

e = energy
u = velocity
p = pressure
ρ = density
g = acceleration
z = height/distance

111
Q

Formular: What is Stoke’s law?

A

Describes the movement of a sphere/particle in a gravitational field:

v = d^2g(ρ_p-ρ_s)/18*η

v = velocity
d = particle diameter
g = gravity
ρ = density (solvent or particle)

112
Q

What is the sigma factor and its formular?

A

Factor to compare centrifuges and assist in scale-up:

Sigma = Q/u_T

Sigma [m^2]
Q = [m^3/s]
u_T = thermal velocity of particles

113
Q

What types of centrifugations are there?

A
  • Tubular Bowl centrifuge
    + high centrifugal accelaration
    % low sigma factor
  • Multichamber separator
  • Disc stack centrifuge
    + continuous operation possible
    % high price
114
Q

What is Normal Flow Filtration (NFF) and its characteristics?

A
  • dead end filtration (DEF)
  • single pass through filter

+ easy toperate
+ low residence time of product
% large membrane area required
% expensive scale-up

115
Q

What is Cross Flow Filtration (CFF) and its characteristics?

A
  • Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF)
  • continuous feed stream

+More efficient use of mambrane
+ linear scale up
-product recirculated in retenrate flow (long recidense time).

116
Q

What are performance factors for protein chromatograpy?

A
  • column efficiency
  • chromatographic resolution R_s
  • Dynamic Binding Capacity
117
Q

Formular: What is Lambert-Beers law?

A

A = ε * b * c

A = absorbance
ε = molar extrinction coef.
b = path length (1cm)
c = concentration

118
Q

What are different methods for continuous chromatography?

A
  • Periodic countercurrent chromatography (PCC)
  • Continuous countercurrent Tangential chromatography (CCTC)
  • Simulated Moving Bed Chromatography (SMB)
  • Continuous Annular chromatography (CAC)
119
Q

What is a medium called that contains only glucose, ammonia, salts and trace elements in defined but not optimized concentrations?

A

Synthetic medium

120
Q

What examples do you have of products that Aspergillus niger is used to produce industrially?

A
  • citric acid production
  • Amylase (and other enzymes)
  • Pectinase
  • Other organic acids
121
Q

Which metabolically engineered microorganisms is used for commercial production of 1,3-propanediol?

A

Escherichia coli
- deletion of side pathways

122
Q

What is an inclusion body?

A

Aggregated misfolded proteins
- Formed due to overexpression of recombinant protein.

123
Q

What is mass/matter conservation?

A

Mass of educts = mass of products

  • Mass in a closed system remains the same during a chemical reaction. Matter cannot be destroyed but rearranged.
124
Q

Which inputs are used for differential mass balance?

A

Differential balance:
- mass balance based on rates

Integral balance:
- mass balance based on mass quantities

125
Q

What is the number of available electrons for glucose (C6H12O6)?

A

Available electrons = 46 + 112 - 2*6 = 24

126
Q

What is the degree of reduction of ethanol C2H6O?

A

Available electrons = 42 + 16 -1*2 = 12

Degree of reduction = 12/2 = 6

127
Q

What does the ks value of a microorganism tell about its relationship to a substrate?

A

It defines at what substrate concentration the enzyme will have reached it’s 1/2 vmax.

  • It tells how efficient the enzyme works. the smaller ks is the more efficient the enzyme works.
128
Q

What bioreactor volume is needed to make 4.8 kg citric acid per day when A.niger shows a productivity of 10g/(L*h)?

A

10g/(L*h) * 24h * V[L] = 4800g
240 (g/L) * V[L] = 4800g
V[L] = 4800g/240g
V[L] = 20

129
Q

What is the specific growth rate μ of cells in retentostat operated at a retention rate of 0.9 and dilution rate D of 0.2 h^-1?

A

Cell retention systems (retentostat) = rate of cell retention can be controlled.

μ = (1-R) * D
μ = (1-0.9) * 0.2 = 0.02

130
Q

What can be used to simulate scale-up?

A

CFC = Computer Fluid Dynamics

Biochemical Engineering (1 decks)

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