BioChem review Flashcards
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) enzyme found in:
bone or liver
Acid Phosphatase (ACP) enzyme found in:
prostate
Amylase/lipase enzyme found in:
pancreas
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) enzyme found in:
heart and liver
Alanine aminotranferase (ALT/SGPT) enzyme found in:
heart and liver
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme found in:
heart, liver, skeletal muscle
Creatine phosphokinase (CK/CPK) enzyme found in:
heart and skeletal muscle
Vmax=
max velocity of rxn
Km=
1/2 Vmax
:Useful when comparing 2 different substrates
Lower Km=Increased affinity=faster rxn
Synthetase uses:
Synthase uses:
ATP/GTP as energy source (ligase)
Something else
Oxidoreductase common name and cofactors
Dehydrogenase and NAD/FAD or NADP if anabolic
Transferase common name and cofactors
Transferase and no cofactors
Hydrolase common name
Substrate + ase
Lyase common name
substrate + ase
______ cannot be affected by substrate concentration
Vmax
ketoses vs aldoses main name difference
Ketoses have a U in the name ex: ribulose
Amylose bond type and hydrolyzed into
alpha 1-4 and into glucose
amylopectin bond type and hydrolyzed into
alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into maltose, isomaltose
glycogen bond type and hydrolyzed into
alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into alpha amylase
cellulose bond type and hydrolyzed into
B1-4 and into cellulase
Glycolysis yields __ ATP and consumes ___ ATP netting ___ ATP and ____ NADH
yields 4, 2 consumed, 2 net gain, and 2 NADH made
______converts glucose to G6P in glycolysis
hexokinase/glucokinase
_______converts F6P to F1,6-BP in glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
_____converts G3P to 1,3-BPG in glycolysis
glyceraldehyde 3-P-dehydrogenase
______ converts PEP to pyruvate in glycolysis
pyruvate dehydrognase
______converts G6P to Glucose in gluconeogenesis
glucose-6-phosphatase
______converts F1,6,BP to F6P in gluconeogenesis
fructose-1,6-biphosphatase
_______converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
pyruvate decarboxylase
______converts oxaloacetate to PEP in gluconeogenesis
PEP carboxykinase
Pyruvate in Liver can go thru: Gluconeogenesis yielding: Post glycolysis/krebs yielding: transamination yielding: Lactate dehydrogenase yielding:
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA
L-Alanine
Lactate
3 Pre Krebs Enzymes and 5 cofactors
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with B1, B2
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with B3,B5
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase with lipase
T/F: 1 fructose=more energy than 1 glucose
T
What is enzyme used to convert galactose into galactose-1-P in metabolism of galactose
galactokinase
what is condition characterized by deficiency of Gal-1-P uridyl transferase
Galactosemia, can be corrected with strict diet and is congenital
Pentose Phosphate Pathway/hexose monophosphate shunt 4 functons
- generate NADPH+H
- produce ribose-5-phosphate
- serve as alternate shunt for glucose metabol
- metabolize some sugars like xylitol
Glycogenesis 3 main enzymes and function
- Phophoglucomutase: G6P to G1P
- Glycogen Synthase: attaches glucose to primer in Alpha 1-4 bond
- branching enzyme: removes 6 glucose chain from growing glycogen polymer and attaches to nearby glycogen a1-6 bond
Glycogenolysis 3 main enzymes and function
- Glycogen phosphorylase: breaks alpha 1-4 bonds of glucose in glycogen to form G1P
- glucan transferase: removes 3 residues from glycogen branch and adds to a1-4bond
- debranching enzyme: removes final a1-6 bond to release glucose
Adrenaline/Epinephrine act on and perform:
Phosphorylation of inactive glycogen synthase and active glycogen phosphorylase
insulin acts on and performs
dephospho rylation of active glycogen synthase and inactive glycogen phosphorylase
Glut-1 and Glut-3 are passive facilitative and act on
brain,kidney and placenta
only active glut receptor
Glut-4
_____are polymers of carbohydrate derivatives, especially amino acid sugars and ironic acids
glycosaminoglycans
_______are small peptides with GAGs and serve as structural components of cell walls
peptidoglycans
______are proteins with attached GAGs
proteoglycan
____is the storage form of glucose in animals
glycogen
what is required for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate
CO2
2 end products formed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
NADH and CO2
What enzyme catalyzes conversion of ADP to ATP
Pyruvate kinase
what catalyzes conversion of ATP to ADP
phophofructokinase
what is responsible for a1-6 bonding in glycolysis
branching enzyme
what enzyme catalyzes the formation of NADH in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
what 2 things are req’d to convert pyruvate to acetyl coA
CoASH and thiamine pyrophosphate
what pathway produces glucose-1-phophate as end product
glycogenolysis
krebs cycle occurs in
mitochondria
NADH is produced by______rxns
dehydrogenase
FADH2 is produced by________rxns
succinate dehydrogenase
GTP is formed by ________ synthetase
succinyl-CoA
In high energy state, OAA can be turned into
Aspartate
In high energy state, citrate can be converted to
acetyl CoA to FFA
in high energy state, a-ketoglutarate can be converted to
glutamine
in high energy state, succinyl-CoA is converted into
heme
Complex 1 of ETC deals with
NADH-Q
ETC occurs in
innermitochondrial membrane
what is primary electron donor in ETC
NADH
oxidation of NADH and FADH2 respectively yield
3 and 2 ATP each
what coenzymes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation
Vit B2 (FAD) and B3(NAD)
krebs cycle results in production of both
NADH and FADH
what catalyzed formation of GTP in krebs
succinate thiokinase
Mg is req’d for
succinate thiokinase (anything involving ATP/GTP)
SAFAs found in
animal fats
PUFAs found in
vegetable oils
Olive oil high in
oleic acid (MUFA)
Non synthesized PUFAs
Linoleic acid (omega 6) and a-linolenic acid(omega 3)
arachidonic acid
omega 6
eicosapentaenoic acid
omega 3
steroids act on _______ to inhibit inflammation
lipid bilayer (strongest inhibitor) and inhibit phospholipase A2
NSAIDs act on _______to inhibit inflammation
cyclooxygenase
carry TG’s from intestines to liver and adipose
chylomicron
carry new TG’s from liver to adipose
VLDL
increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters
IDL
increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters and carry cholesterol from liver to other tissues (bad cholesterol)
LDL
free cholesterol scavenger from tissues back to liver
HDL (increased by aerobic exercise)
acyl CoA cholesterol acyl tranferase
converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters for storage in cells
LCAT is used
to convert free cholesterol into cholesterol esters in peripheral tissues
Hormone sensitive lipase
mobilizes adipose triglycerides by cutting them into FFAs and glycerol due to release of Epi, NorEpi, GH, and/or thyroxine to use in gluconeogenesis
lipoprotein lipase
cleaves lipoproteins (VLDL, chylomicrons)
phopholipase A2
cleaves phospholipids and releases fatty acids for eicosanoid synthesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase
converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis
_____is carrier to transport acetyl CoA into mitochondria
Carnitine
3 ketone bodies
acetone
B-hydroxybutyrate
acetoacetate
what is rate limiting step in biosynthesis of cholesterol
HMG-CoA reductase
M.S. is characterized by a lack of ________ in white matter and deficiency of GABA
sphingolipids
niemann pick disease
sphingomyelinase deficiency
tay sachs disease
defect of hexoseaminidase
pancreatic lipase
digestion of dietary lipids in gut
lipoprotein lipase
responsible for transfer of lipids from blood into cells
Essential Amino Acids
PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine Valine Threonine tryptophan isoleucine methionine histidine-adults can synthesize arginine- adults can synthesize leucine lysine
3 Aliphatic AA’s
BCAA’s-Val, Leu, Ile
1 hydroxyl AA
Tyrosine
2 sulfur containing AA’s
Cys, Met
4 aromatic AA’s
His, Phe, Tyr, Trp
Phenylalanine->tyrosine->catechol->catecholamine->
->norepinephrine->epinephrine
Glutathione (GSH)
intracellular antioxidant
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
from hypothalamus and stimulates pituitary
Substance P
pain NT
Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)
vasodilating
opiopeptides
analgesic action
orexigenic peptides
INCREASE appetite
Ex:
Insulin-pancreas
Ghrelin-stomach
Anorexigenic peptides
Decrease appetite
Ex:
Cholecystokinin-intestine
Leptin- adipocyte
Primary protein structure
Connected by peptide bonds
Secondary protein structure
Include: a-helix, B-pleaded sheet B-bending Random coil H-bonding
Tertiary protein structure
3-D structure of protein
Quaternary Structure
Hemoglobin
Collagen is
most abundant protein in body
Most abundant AA in collagen
glycine
hydroxylation of proline by
prolyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)
hydroxylation of lysine by
lysyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)
Histidine forms
histamine
Phenylalanine forms
tyrosine->catecholamines (dopamine, norepi, epi)
Tryptophan forms
serotonin and melatonin
Tyrosine forms
melanins
Enzyme for following rxns:
Oxaloacetate to/from Asparatate
a-ketoglutarate to/from glutamate
glutamate dehydrogenase
enzyme for
glutamate to glutamine
glutamine synthetase w/ Mg
enzyme for asparatate to asparagine
aspartate synthetase
urea cycle is site for what AA synthesis
Arginine
Glucose alanine cycle has 3 comments that are not consumed, they are
Pyruvate, alanine, glucose
maple syrup urine disease
defect in BCAA metabolism
Phenylketonuria
genetic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase
alkaptonuria
tyrosine metabolism interrupted
primary hyperoxaluria
Vit B6 deficiency inhibits glycine transaminase
sulfite oxidase dysfunction
cysteine AA metabolism disrupted
albinism
defect in tyrosinase
Excess protein consumption leads to
Diabetes, hypercalciuria, osteoporosis, elevated BUN
which 2 AA’s are ketogenic only
Leucine and Lysine
nitrogen atom of heme is derived from which AA
glycine
2 features of mRNA
7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap and poly A tail
tRNA features
hairpin loops, anticodon, CCA on 3’ end
purine metabolism
G6Pase deficiency related to
von gierkes disease
purine metabolism
HGPTase deficiency related to
Lesch Nyan Disease
purine metabolism
Xanthine oxidase deficiency related to
hypouricemia
Purine metabolism
Adenosine deaminase deficiency related to
SCID
Pyrimidine synthesis reqs
NAD, NADPH, OMP
Purine synthesis requires
Gly, IMP
