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RIBS > BioChem review > Flashcards

BioChem review Flashcards

1
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) enzyme found in:

A

bone or liver

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2
Q

Acid Phosphatase (ACP) enzyme found in:

A

prostate

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3
Q

Amylase/lipase enzyme found in:

A

pancreas

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4
Q

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) enzyme found in:

A

heart and liver

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5
Q

Alanine aminotranferase (ALT/SGPT) enzyme found in:

A

heart and liver

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6
Q

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme found in:

A

heart, liver, skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Creatine phosphokinase (CK/CPK) enzyme found in:

A

heart and skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Vmax=

A

max velocity of rxn

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9
Q

Km=

A

1/2 Vmax
:Useful when comparing 2 different substrates
Lower Km=Increased affinity=faster rxn

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10
Q

Synthetase uses:

Synthase uses:

A

ATP/GTP as energy source (ligase)

Something else

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11
Q

Oxidoreductase common name and cofactors

A

Dehydrogenase and NAD/FAD or NADP if anabolic

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12
Q

Transferase common name and cofactors

A

Transferase and no cofactors

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13
Q

Hydrolase common name

A

Substrate + ase

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14
Q

Lyase common name

A

substrate + ase

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15
Q

______ cannot be affected by substrate concentration

A

Vmax

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16
Q

ketoses vs aldoses main name difference

A

Ketoses have a U in the name ex: ribulose

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17
Q

Amylose bond type and hydrolyzed into

A

alpha 1-4 and into glucose

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18
Q

amylopectin bond type and hydrolyzed into

A

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into maltose, isomaltose

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19
Q

glycogen bond type and hydrolyzed into

A

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 and into alpha amylase

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20
Q

cellulose bond type and hydrolyzed into

A

B1-4 and into cellulase

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21
Q

Glycolysis yields __ ATP and consumes ___ ATP netting ___ ATP and ____ NADH

A

yields 4, 2 consumed, 2 net gain, and 2 NADH made

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22
Q

______converts glucose to G6P in glycolysis

A

hexokinase/glucokinase

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23
Q

_______converts F6P to F1,6-BP in glycolysis

A

phosphofructokinase

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24
Q

_____converts G3P to 1,3-BPG in glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3-P-dehydrogenase

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25
Q

______ converts PEP to pyruvate in glycolysis

A

pyruvate dehydrognase

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26
Q

______converts G6P to Glucose in gluconeogenesis

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

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27
Q

______converts F1,6,BP to F6P in gluconeogenesis

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

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28
Q

_______converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate decarboxylase

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29
Q

______converts oxaloacetate to PEP in gluconeogenesis

A

PEP carboxykinase

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30
Q 
Pyruvate in Liver can go thru:
Gluconeogenesis yielding:
Post glycolysis/krebs yielding:
transamination yielding:
Lactate dehydrogenase yielding:
A

Glucose
Acetyl-CoA
L-Alanine
Lactate

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31
Q

3 Pre Krebs Enzymes and 5 cofactors

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase with B1, B2
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with B3,B5
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase with lipase

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32
Q

T/F: 1 fructose=more energy than 1 glucose

A

T

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33
Q

What is enzyme used to convert galactose into galactose-1-P in metabolism of galactose

A

galactokinase

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34
Q

what is condition characterized by deficiency of Gal-1-P uridyl transferase

A

Galactosemia, can be corrected with strict diet and is congenital

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35
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway/hexose monophosphate shunt 4 functons

A
  1. generate NADPH+H
  2. produce ribose-5-phosphate
  3. serve as alternate shunt for glucose metabol
  4. metabolize some sugars like xylitol
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36
Q

Glycogenesis 3 main enzymes and function

A
  1. Phophoglucomutase: G6P to G1P
  2. Glycogen Synthase: attaches glucose to primer in Alpha 1-4 bond
  3. branching enzyme: removes 6 glucose chain from growing glycogen polymer and attaches to nearby glycogen a1-6 bond
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37
Q

Glycogenolysis 3 main enzymes and function

A
  1. Glycogen phosphorylase: breaks alpha 1-4 bonds of glucose in glycogen to form G1P
  2. glucan transferase: removes 3 residues from glycogen branch and adds to a1-4bond
  3. debranching enzyme: removes final a1-6 bond to release glucose
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38
Q

Adrenaline/Epinephrine act on and perform:

A

Phosphorylation of inactive glycogen synthase and active glycogen phosphorylase

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39
Q

insulin acts on and performs

A

dephospho rylation of active glycogen synthase and inactive glycogen phosphorylase

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40
Q

Glut-1 and Glut-3 are passive facilitative and act on

A

brain,kidney and placenta

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41
Q

only active glut receptor

A

Glut-4

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42
Q

_____are polymers of carbohydrate derivatives, especially amino acid sugars and ironic acids

A

glycosaminoglycans

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43
Q

_______are small peptides with GAGs and serve as structural components of cell walls

A

peptidoglycans

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44
Q

______are proteins with attached GAGs

A

proteoglycan

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45
Q

____is the storage form of glucose in animals

A

glycogen

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46
Q

what is required for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

CO2

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47
Q

2 end products formed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

NADH and CO2

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48
Q

What enzyme catalyzes conversion of ADP to ATP

A

Pyruvate kinase

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49
Q

what catalyzes conversion of ATP to ADP

A

phophofructokinase

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50
Q

what is responsible for a1-6 bonding in glycolysis

A

branching enzyme

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51
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the formation of NADH in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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52
Q

what 2 things are req’d to convert pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

CoASH and thiamine pyrophosphate

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53
Q

what pathway produces glucose-1-phophate as end product

A

glycogenolysis

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54
Q

krebs cycle occurs in

A

mitochondria

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55
Q

NADH is produced by______rxns

A

dehydrogenase

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56
Q

FADH2 is produced by________rxns

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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57
Q

GTP is formed by ________ synthetase

A

succinyl-CoA

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58
Q

In high energy state, OAA can be turned into

A

Aspartate

59
Q

In high energy state, citrate can be converted to

A

acetyl CoA to FFA

60
Q

in high energy state, a-ketoglutarate can be converted to

A

glutamine

61
Q

in high energy state, succinyl-CoA is converted into

A

heme

62
Q

Complex 1 of ETC deals with

A

NADH-Q

63
Q

ETC occurs in

A

innermitochondrial membrane

64
Q

what is primary electron donor in ETC

A

NADH

65
Q

oxidation of NADH and FADH2 respectively yield

A

3 and 2 ATP each

66
Q

what coenzymes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Vit B2 (FAD) and B3(NAD)

67
Q

krebs cycle results in production of both

A

NADH and FADH

68
Q

what catalyzed formation of GTP in krebs

A

succinate thiokinase

69
Q

Mg is req’d for

A

succinate thiokinase (anything involving ATP/GTP)

70
Q

SAFAs found in

A

animal fats

71
Q

PUFAs found in

A

vegetable oils

72
Q

Olive oil high in

A

oleic acid (MUFA)

73
Q

Non synthesized PUFAs

A

Linoleic acid (omega 6) and a-linolenic acid(omega 3)

74
Q

arachidonic acid

A

omega 6

75
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid

A

omega 3

76
Q

steroids act on _______ to inhibit inflammation

A

lipid bilayer (strongest inhibitor) and inhibit phospholipase A2

77
Q

NSAIDs act on _______to inhibit inflammation

A

cyclooxygenase

78
Q

carry TG’s from intestines to liver and adipose

A

chylomicron

79
Q

carry new TG’s from liver to adipose

A

VLDL

80
Q

increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters

A

IDL

81
Q

increase free cholesterol and cholesterol esters and carry cholesterol from liver to other tissues (bad cholesterol)

A

LDL

82
Q

free cholesterol scavenger from tissues back to liver

A

HDL (increased by aerobic exercise)

83
Q

acyl CoA cholesterol acyl tranferase

A

converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters for storage in cells

84
Q

LCAT is used

A

to convert free cholesterol into cholesterol esters in peripheral tissues

85
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase

A

mobilizes adipose triglycerides by cutting them into FFAs and glycerol due to release of Epi, NorEpi, GH, and/or thyroxine to use in gluconeogenesis

86
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

cleaves lipoproteins (VLDL, chylomicrons)

87
Q

phopholipase A2

A

cleaves phospholipids and releases fatty acids for eicosanoid synthesis

88
Q

acetyl CoA carboxylase

A

converts acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis

89
Q

_____is carrier to transport acetyl CoA into mitochondria

A

Carnitine

90
Q

3 ketone bodies

A

acetone
B-hydroxybutyrate
acetoacetate

91
Q

what is rate limiting step in biosynthesis of cholesterol

A

HMG-CoA reductase

92
Q

M.S. is characterized by a lack of ________ in white matter and deficiency of GABA

A

sphingolipids

93
Q

niemann pick disease

A

sphingomyelinase deficiency

94
Q

tay sachs disease

A

defect of hexoseaminidase

95
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

digestion of dietary lipids in gut

96
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

responsible for transfer of lipids from blood into cells

97
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A 
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine-adults can synthesize 
arginine- adults can synthesize
leucine
lysine
98
Q

3 Aliphatic AA’s

A

BCAA’s-Val, Leu, Ile

99
Q

1 hydroxyl AA

A

Tyrosine

100
Q

2 sulfur containing AA’s

A

Cys, Met

101
Q

4 aromatic AA’s

A

His, Phe, Tyr, Trp

102
Q

Phenylalanine->tyrosine->catechol->catecholamine->

A

->norepinephrine->epinephrine

103
Q

Glutathione (GSH)

A

intracellular antioxidant

104
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A

from hypothalamus and stimulates pituitary

105
Q

Substance P

A

pain NT

106
Q

Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)

A

vasodilating

107
Q

opiopeptides

A

analgesic action

108
Q

orexigenic peptides

A

INCREASE appetite
Ex:
Insulin-pancreas
Ghrelin-stomach

109
Q

Anorexigenic peptides

A

Decrease appetite
Ex:
Cholecystokinin-intestine
Leptin- adipocyte

110
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Connected by peptide bonds

111
Q

Secondary protein structure

A 
Include:
a-helix,
B-pleaded sheet
B-bending
Random coil
H-bonding
112
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3-D structure of protein

113
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Hemoglobin

114
Q

Collagen is

A

most abundant protein in body

115
Q

Most abundant AA in collagen

A

glycine

116
Q

hydroxylation of proline by

A

prolyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)

117
Q

hydroxylation of lysine by

A

lysyl hydroxylase (req Fe, Vit C, O2)

118
Q

Histidine forms

A

histamine

119
Q

Phenylalanine forms

A

tyrosine->catecholamines (dopamine, norepi, epi)

120
Q

Tryptophan forms

A

serotonin and melatonin

121
Q

Tyrosine forms

A

melanins

122
Q

Enzyme for following rxns:

Oxaloacetate to/from Asparatate
a-ketoglutarate to/from glutamate

A

glutamate dehydrogenase

123
Q

enzyme for

glutamate to glutamine

A

glutamine synthetase w/ Mg

124
Q

enzyme for asparatate to asparagine

A

aspartate synthetase

125
Q

urea cycle is site for what AA synthesis

A

Arginine

126
Q

Glucose alanine cycle has 3 comments that are not consumed, they are

A

Pyruvate, alanine, glucose

127
Q

maple syrup urine disease

A

defect in BCAA metabolism

128
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

genetic deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase

129
Q

alkaptonuria

A

tyrosine metabolism interrupted

130
Q

primary hyperoxaluria

A

Vit B6 deficiency inhibits glycine transaminase

131
Q

sulfite oxidase dysfunction

A

cysteine AA metabolism disrupted

132
Q

albinism

A

defect in tyrosinase

133
Q

Excess protein consumption leads to

A

Diabetes, hypercalciuria, osteoporosis, elevated BUN

134
Q

which 2 AA’s are ketogenic only

A

Leucine and Lysine

135
Q

nitrogen atom of heme is derived from which AA

A

glycine

136
Q

2 features of mRNA

A

7-methylguanosine triphosphate cap and poly A tail

137
Q

tRNA features

A

hairpin loops, anticodon, CCA on 3’ end

138
Q

purine metabolism

G6Pase deficiency related to

A

von gierkes disease

139
Q

purine metabolism

HGPTase deficiency related to

A

Lesch Nyan Disease

140
Q

purine metabolism

Xanthine oxidase deficiency related to

A

hypouricemia

141
Q

Purine metabolism

Adenosine deaminase deficiency related to

A

SCID

142
Q

Pyrimidine synthesis reqs

A

NAD, NADPH, OMP

143
Q

Purine synthesis requires

A

Gly, IMP

RIBS (2 decks)

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