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SEMESTER 1 > BIOCHEM RESPIRATION > Flashcards

BIOCHEM RESPIRATION Flashcards

1
Q

why is ATP known as the universal energy carrier ?

A

because it is used by all organisms

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2
Q

what is the structure of ATP?

A

adenine
ribose sugar
3 phosphate groups

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3
Q

ATP is known as an energy carrying molecule due to what properties?

A

-ATP is released in small amounts
-energy is released in a
single-step reaction
- can be used to phosphorylate other compounds making them reactive
-quickly broken down and resynthesised
- energy is released
immediately
-soluble in water where most chemical reactions occur

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4
Q

why is ATP continuously hydrolysed?

A

to release energy and then resynthesised. synthesis or phosphorylation requires energy which comes from respiration or photosynthesis

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5
Q

what happens during the beginning of respiration?

A

glucose is broken down and energy is released, this energy released is used to join an INORGANIC PHOSPHATE group to ADP to make ATP.

when ATP is HYDROLYSED, ADP and a phosphate are made and energy is released.

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6
Q

what do cells use ATP for?

A

as the immediate energy source for biological processes

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7
Q

what are the 7 functions of ATP

A

-active transport
-synthesis reactions eg protein and DNA
-muscle contraction
-cell division
- light independent reactions of photosynthesis
-first stage of glycolysis

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8
Q

Is ATP stored like lipids and carbs, if not what does it do?

A

no it is not stored, it Is continuously recycled 100 times a day so HYDROLYSED and RESYNTHESISED

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9
Q

what is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic respiration is with oxygen and anaerobic is in absence of oxygen.

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10
Q

what does aerobic respiration involve and show a summary of it?

A

COMPLETE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE
relates more energy and makes much more ATP
summarised as:
glucose + oxygen= carbon dioxide and water and energy

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11
Q

what happens in anaerobic respiration and give summary of it in animals and yeast?

A

GLUCOSE IS NOT COMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN, MAKES ONLY 2 ATP

in animals:
glucose=2C3H6O2 (lactate) and 2 ATP

in yeast:
glucose= ethanol + 2CO2 + 2 ATP

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12
Q

what 4 stages in aerobic respiration divided into and where does each one take place?

A
  1. Glycolysis-cytopalsm
  2. Link reaction- matrix of mitochondrion
  3. krebs Cycle-matrix of mitochondrion

4.oxidative phosphorylation- crsistae(folds of inner membrane) of mitochondrion

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13
Q

what happens during glycolysis (simple)?

A

1.splitting of one gluocose (6 carbon) molecule into 2 PYRUVATE ( 3 CARBON)

2.glucose converted into triosphosphate first then into pyruvate

  1. happens in in cytoplasm during an anaerobic process so O2 is not needed
  2. formation of pyruvate represents end of glycolysis with a NET gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
  3. NAD is a coenzyme that transport hydrogen to electron transport chain and more ATP can be made via oxidative phosphorylation.
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14
Q

why are 2 ATP molecules used in glycolysis?

A

used to PHOSPHORYLATE glucose and make it more reactive

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15
Q

what does it mean when 2 trios phosphate in glycolysis are oxidised?

A

1.hydrogens and removed and accepted by COENZYME NAD to make REDUCED NAD ( more ATP will be made from this reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation)

2.oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate RELEASES ENERGY and this production of this ATP is by SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

4 ATP MADE BUT ONLY 2 used so net gain of 2 ATPs per glucose

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16
Q

what happens next when the pyruvate is made in glycolysis?

A

it is ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED into the MITOCHONDRION for next stages of aerobic respiration

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17
Q

what happens if oxygen is not involved in glycolysis?

A

anaerobic respiration occurs and glycolysis still occurs but pyruvate remains in cytoplasm and is converted into different products

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18
Q

what happens in link reaction 2nd stage of glycolysis?

A

1.pyruvate is OXIDISED( by removal of hydrogen atoms) and CO2 is removed (DECARBOXYLATION).

2.COENZYME A is added to ACETATE ( 2 carbon molecule) to form ACETYLE COENZYME A

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19
Q

what happens to the 2 hydrogen in link reaction?

A

they are accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD (more ATP will be made from this reduced NAD in oxidative phosphorylation)

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20
Q

what is Krebs cycle a series of reactions of?

A

series of oxidation-reduction reactions

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21
Q

what happens during Krebs cycle?

A
  1. acetylcoenzyme A (2C) combines with (4C) (already in matrix) to form 6C which enters the Krebs cycle. during this reaction coenzyme A is removed

2.6C enters cycle of reactions which results in reformation of 4C molecule

  1. decarboxylation (removal or CO2) and removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation) occurs
  2. hydrogen atoms removed during krebs and passed to COENZYME NAD and FAD TO MAKE REDUCED NAD AND REDUCED FAD
  3. the REDUCED COENZYMES pass the hydrogen atoms to electron transport chain making ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
  4. each cycle makes 1 ATP molecules via SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION ( a reaction releasing energy for ATP production)
22
Q

how much times do link reaction and Krebs cycle happen and why?

A

happen twice per glucose molecules as 2 pyruvate molecules are made in glycolysis.

23
Q

as well as glucose what other respiratory substrates are there?

A

breakdown of products of lipids-fatty acids and glycerol

amino acids from which amino group has been removed

which also enter krebs cycle to make ATP and reduced coenzymes

24
Q

during aerobic respiration, what are the 2 main methods producing ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation-electron transport chain

25
Q

what two stages does substrate level phosphorylation take place?

A

glycolysis and Krebs cycle . certain reactions release enough energy for direct formation of ATP from ADP and pi(inorganic phosphate)

26
Q

what theory takes place with oxidative phosphorylation (electrons transport chain)?

A

the chemiosmotic theory

27
Q

what type of conditions does does oxidation phosphorylation take place in and what does it require ?

A

aerobic conditions, electron transport chain is located on crustal(inner membrane of mitochondrion). oxygen is required as FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR so oxidative phosphorylation can make ATP

28
Q

what are the 6 steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. REDUCED NAD + FAD OXIDISED-they release hydrogen atoms to first electron carrier of the chain. each h hydrogen split into electron and proton
  2. electrons passed down carrier at DECREASING ENERGY LEVELS. as electrons are transferred, energy is released. this energy os used to then actively pump protons = across inner mitochondrial membrane SOME ENERGY RELEASED AS HEAT

3.proton gradient established so higher conc of them in intermmebrane than in matrix

  1. this gradient means that protons diffuse back across inner membrane into matrix via enzyme ATP SYNTHASE
  2. movement of protons through ATP synthase RELEASES ENERGY which is used to MAKE ATP from ADP and Pi
  3. end of chain electrons combine with protons and OXYGEN to make water. OXYGEN FINAL ACCEPTOR and without it the chain wouldn’t function so aerobic respiration would stop and no ATP would made.
29
Q

what does oxidation refer to and phosphorylation

A

oxidation is removal of hydrogen atom from respiratory substrates

phosphorylation is formation of ATP by addition of phosphate to ADP

30
Q

what stage us involved in anaerobic respiration and what is produced?

A

glycolysis + production of pyruvate. however pyruvate DOES NOT ENTER MITOCHONDRION stays in cytoplasm.

31
Q

how much ATP molecule is made for per glucose molecule is glycolysis?

A

2 per glucose

32
Q

what is pyruvate reduced by in anaerobic respiration?

A

reduced NAD made during glycolysis which enables REGENERATION of NAD as reduced NAD is converted into NAD. so there is a good supply of NAD provided for glycolysis to continue and make more ATP

33
Q

is the process by which pyruvate is reduced same in animals and fungi eg yeast?

A

no differs

anaerobic respiration in animas
pyruvate + reduced NAD = lactate and OXIDISED NAD

in yeast:
pyruvate+ reduced NAD = ethanol and carbon dioxide and oxidised NAD

34
Q

what happens if NAD is not regenerated in anaerobic respiration for glycolysis?

A

glycolysis would eventually stop as all NAD would be reduced and there would be no NAD available to allow oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate.

35
Q

what type of cells can respire aerobically and anaerobically?

A

yeast, depending on conditions given

36
Q

when pyruvate is reduced using reduced NAD in glycolysis, what does this enable?

A

REGENERATION OF NAD as reduced NAD is converted into NAD

37
Q

what is a respirometer?

A

a device used to measure rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its uptake of oxygen or release of CO2

38
Q

what is a spring clip for?(respirometer)

A

when open, permits equilvirum of contents of chamber with atmosphere

39
Q

what is the rubber stopper for?(respirometer)

A

airtightness, improved by smearing vaseline along seal between chamber and stopper

40
Q

what is respiratory chamber for?(respirometer)

A

has low volume so changes due to to respiratory activity are significant enough to be measured

41
Q

what’s a filter paper wick for?(respirometer)

A

ensure maximum SA of potassium hydroxide solution is available to contents of chamber

42
Q

what is the potassium hydroxide solution for?(respirometer)

A

to absorb CO2 evolved during respiration

43
Q

what is the coloured fluid for?(respirometer)

A

narrow tube ensures maximum movement of fluid with any change in volume of gas in chambers

44
Q

whah is the graduated scale for?(respirometer)

A

against which movement of coloured fluid may be measured.

45
Q

what is gauze basket for?(respirometer)

A

hold respiring material must be porous to permit free exchange of gases

46
Q

what is the weighed amount of respiring material for?(respirometer)

A

mass of respiring material should be known so that results can be made comparative

47
Q

what is a glass rod for? (respirometer)

A

to keep respiring material out of direct contact with potassium hydroxide

48
Q

how would you measure the uptake of oxygen?

A

when organisms in respirometer respire aerobically, O2 is ABSORBED.

CO2 GIVEN OFF IN RESPIRATION ABSORBED BY POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE.

SO volume inside respirometer decreases which means pressure decreases so bubble or coloured fluid moves to left

49
Q

how would you use a respirometer to determine oxygen consumption?

A

to calculate rate of O2 consumption (cm^3min^-1 :

  1. distance dye\bubbles/fluid moves (d)
    2.radius of tube-to convert distance moved into volume pie r squared x d
    3.time -allows rate to be calculated
50
Q

how would you use a respirometer to determine carbon-dioxide production?

A

same way as O2 but replace potassium hydroxide with water

movement of fluid recorded
any difference between movement with potassium hydroxide and without must be due to production of CO2

51
Q

if vol of O2 is consumed WITH potassium hydroxide present is 6cm^3 and movement of fluid without potassium hydroxide present is 3.5cm^3 then what is the volume of CO2 given off?

A

6.5-3.5=2.5cm^3

SEMESTER 1 (7 decks)

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