Biochem of DM

Question 1

What is the percentage of the total population that have diabetes?

Answer 1

8.3%

Question 2

What is the percent over 60 that has diabetes?

Answer 2

26.9%

Question 3

Individuals with diabetes experience a risk of death how many times higher than their non-diabetic counterparts?

Answer 3

twice as high

Question 4

How can gestational diabetes arise?

Answer 4

during pregnancy, the insulin sensitivity of the mother is decreased

Question 5

Insulin increases which GLUT transporter at the plasma membranes of many cells?

Answer 5

GLUT 4

Question 6

How can diabetic patients present at fasting hypoglycemic?

Answer 6

lack of insulins control to promote glycogen deposition and usage

Question 7

Why can diabetics present with hyperlipidemia?

Answer 7

insulin cant shut down HSL in diabetics

Question 8

How can aberrant insulin utilization lead to GNG defects?

Answer 8

insulin usually represses GNG

Question 9

How does sorbitol alter NADPH and NADH levels?

Answer 9

NADPH = aldose reductase (Glu –> Sorb)

NADH = polyol dehydrogenase (sorb –> fructose)

Question 10

What is HHS? What causes HHS?

Answer 10

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

hyperglycemia leading to dehydration of tissues

Question 11

What is HHS also known as?

Answer 11

nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome

Question 12

What is NKHHC?

Answer 12

nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar coma

Question 13

What electrolyte is lost concomitantly during polyuria?

Answer 13

potassium

Question 14

How can insulin effect VLDL levels?

Answer 14

insulin regularly regulats LPL to liberate fatty acids to tissues

Question 15

How does insulin regularly affect ketone body levels?

Answer 15

insulin suppresses ketone body levels by suppressing lipolysis

Question 16

What is the name of the damage caused by chronically high levels of blood glucose to vessels?

Answer 16

microangiopathy and macroangiopathy

Question 17

What is removed from pro-insulin to yield insulin?

Answer 17

C-peptide

Question 18

What two proteins does insulin alter the levels of?

Answer 18

increase acetyl-CoA carboxylase and decrease PEPCK

Question 19

What percentage of the cases does type 2 diabetes account for?

Answer 19

90%

Question 20

What lipase does insulin induce the expression of?

Answer 20

lipoprotein lipase

No insulin = no release of FAs to peripheral tissues

Question 21

What three genes does insulin control txn of?

Answer 21

increased txn for acetyl-CoA Carboxylase and fatty acid synthase

decreased txn of PEPCK