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Biochem Exam 2 > Biochem Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biochem Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

triacylglycerol

A

polar head= glycerol

hydrophobic tails= 3 fatty acid chains

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2
Q

what do the numbers mean in the common names of fatty acids (__:__)

A

(total number of carbons: total number of double bonds)

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3
Q

arachidate

A

20 carbon fatty acid

0 double bonds

n-eicosanoate

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4
Q

lignocerate

A

24 carbon fatty acid

0 double bonds

n-tetracosanoate

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5
Q

VII

A

phosphofructokinase

muscle

high levels of glycogen, normal structure

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6
Q

I von Gierke

A

D.E.: glucose-6- phosphotase

organ: liver and kidneys

high glycogen, normal structure

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7
Q

sterioisomers

A

have same connectivity but different spatial orginization

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8
Q

reducing end of glycogen

A

glucose monomer connected with glycogenin

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9
Q

arachidonate

A

20 carbon fatty acid

4 double bonds

all-cis-►5,►8,►11,►14- eicosatetraenoate

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10
Q

DHA

A

decosahexaenoic acid (22:6)

omega 3 fatty acid

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11
Q

list the essential monosaccharides

A

glucose

galactose

mannose

xylose

fucose

GlcNAc

GalNAc

Sialic Acid

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12
Q

Constitutional isomer

A

order of atoms changed

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13
Q

V McArdle

A

phosphorylase

muscle

increase glycogen with normal structure

rate limiting stem of glycogen breakdown is unable to supply muscles with enough glucose exercise intolerance, myoglobulin in liver

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14
Q

Michaelis-menten equation

A

V0= (vmax[S])/(Km + [S])

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15
Q
A

mannose

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16
Q

glycosaminoglycan

A

polysaccharide

sugar > weight

cartilage, chitin, blood clotting

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17
Q

describe the active site of carbonic anhydrase

A

3 Histidine + Zn++ + OH-

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18
Q

conformational isomer

A

have reversible rotation changes

ex. chair vs. boat

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19
Q

y axis for linear graph of second order reaction

A

1/[S]

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20
Q

gluconeogensis occurs where

A

liver and kidney

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21
Q

palmitate

A

16 carbon fatty acid

no double bonds

systematic name: n-hexadecanoate

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22
Q

epimer

A

differs at any carbon other than anomeric carbon

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23
Q

fucose

A

galactose but switch C5 OH with CH3

only L-monosaccharide made and used by mammals

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24
Q

myristate

A

14 carbon fatty acid

0 double bonds

systematic name: n-tetradeconaoate

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25
Q

non comeptitve inhibitor

A

binds to a separate binding site than the substrate’s active site, can bind before or after substrate binds

Vmax varries

Km is constant

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26
Q

E1 state of P-type ATPases

A

open to the inside

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27
Q

galactosemia

A

defeciency in galactose 1-phospate uridyl transferase

treated by removing galactose from diet

symptoms: cataracts, vomitting/diahreah after consuming milk, galactose in urine and high levels of galactose in blood

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28
Q
A

dihydroxyacetone

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29
Q

waxes

A

polar head= alcohol

hydrophobic tails= 2 fatty acids

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30
Q

linolenate

A

18 carbon fatty acid

3 double bonds

all-cis-►9,►12,►15-octadecatrienoate

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31
Q

enatiomer

A

mirror images at all chiral carbons

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32
Q

oleate

A

18 carbon fatty acid

1 double bond

cis-►9-octadecenoate

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33
Q

glucagon

A

released during low blood glucose

acts on the liver to promote glycogenolysis

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34
Q

strearate

A

18 carbon fatty acid

no double bonds

systematic name: n-octadecanoate

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35
Q

how does carbonic anhydrase account for specificity

A

it has a small and weakly polar pocket that fits CO2

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36
Q

mucins

A

polysaccharide

sugar > protein

lubrication

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37
Q

reaction rate equation for reversible reaction

A

v=K1[S]n- K-1[P]m

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38
Q
A

ribulose

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39
Q

diastereomers

A

are not mirror images at all chiral carbons

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40
Q

y axis for linear graph of first order reaction

A

ln[S]

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41
Q

non reducing end of glycogen

A

terminal glucose with free hydroxyl group at carbon 4

42
Q
A

deoxyribose

43
Q

how are omega fatty acids named

A

the number in the name is where the first double bond appears starting from the methyl end

44
Q

rate limiting step of glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase

45
Q

GLUT 2

A

liver

low affinity

46
Q

GLUT1

A

highest in brain and RBC

47
Q

EPA

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5)

omega 3 fatty acid

48
Q

what catalytic strategies does chymotrypsin

A

covalent catalysis

acid-base catalysis

49
Q

why is excessive fructose consumtion detrimental

A

it bypasses phosphofructokinase which acts as a regulator

50
Q

the prefix “n-“ in the name of a fatty acid

A

unsaturated

51
Q

kcat/km

A

describes the enzyme performance, if kcat > k-1 then it is a good enzyme, if kcat

52
Q

Km

A

[S] where reaction rate is half maximal or half of the active sites are full

53
Q

uncompetetive inhibition

A

binds to different site than substrate active site, can only bind after the substrate is bound

vmax varries

km varries

54
Q

3 regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

A

hexokinase

phosphofructokinase

pyruvate kinase

55
Q

in systematic naming of a fatty acid, how do you write the following?

saturated

1 double bond

2 double bonds

3 double bonds

4 double bonds

A

saturated: an

1 double bond: en

2 double bonds: di-en

3 double bonds: tri-en

4 double bonds: tetra-en

56
Q

which 2 omega fatty acids cannot be synthesized by humans

A

LA/ linoleic acid

ALA/ linolenic acid (is inefficiently converted to 2 omega 3 fatty acids)

57
Q

y axis for linear graph of zero order reaction

A

[S]

58
Q

rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

phsophofructokinase

59
Q

GLUT 3

A

neurons

high affinity

60
Q
A

maltose

alpha glucose 1 –> 4 alpha glucose

61
Q

behenate

A

22 carbon fatty acid

0 double bonds

n-docosanoate

62
Q

What catalytic strategies does carbonic anhydrase use to convert CO2 to bicarb

A

acid-base catalysis

approximation

electrostatic catalysis

63
Q

what are the two carbohydrate tautomers

A

aldose: carbonyl at end of chain
ketose: carbonyl within the chain

64
Q

how do you find the vmax in a lab setting?

A

add a ton of substrate so that it largely exceeds the Km, then the V0 = vmax

65
Q

what affect do acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation have on transcription?

A

acetylation: promotes transcription
phosphorylation: prevents transcription
methylation: either prevents or promotes transcription

66
Q

reaction rate equation for non reversible reaction

A

v=K1[S]^n

67
Q
A

sucrose

alpha glucose 1 –> 2 beta fructose

68
Q

IV anderson

A

branching enzyme, glucosyl (4:6) transferase

organ: liver and spleen

normal glycogen levels, very long outer branches

enlarged liver and spleen, cirrhosis (liver scarring), death by age 5

69
Q
A

glucose

70
Q
A

galactose

71
Q

bonds forming main chain of glycogen and branch point

A

alpha 1, 4 glycosidic

alpha 1,6 glycosidic

72
Q

glycoprotein

A

polysaccharide

protein > sugar

cell signaling and adhesion

73
Q

E2 state of P-type ATPases

A

open to the outside of the state

74
Q

glycolysis entry point for galactose

A

glucose-6-phosphate

75
Q

epinepherine

A

released by muscle activity and causes glycogenolysis in the muscle

76
Q

anomer

A

differ only at anomeric carbon (carbonyl carbon)

77
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

competes for same active sit as substrate

constant vmax

Km varries

78
Q

GLUT 4

A

skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose tissue

insulin dependant

79
Q

describe the 3 regions of chymotrypsin that allow it to act as a protease

A

active site= catalytic triad + oxyanion hole

  • catalytic triad: serine, histifine, and aspartic acid
  • oxyanion hole: stabilizes intermediate

specificity (S1) pocket: recognizes the amino acid (phenylalanine) right before the cleavage site

80
Q

cori cycle

A

regenurate glucose from lactate

81
Q
A

glyceraldehyde

82
Q
A

ribose

83
Q

configurational isomers

A

must have a chiral carbon

84
Q

glycolysis entry point of fructose from adipose tissue

A

fructose-6-phosphate

85
Q

glycerophosholipids

A

majority component of cell membrane

alcohol + phosphate + glycerol + 2 fatty acids

86
Q

linoleate

A

18 carbon fatty acid

2 double bonds

cis,cis-►9,►12-octadecadienoate

87
Q

rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

88
Q

palmitoleate

A

16 carbon fatty acid

1 double bond

cis-►9hexadecenoate

89
Q

III cori

A

d. e. alpha 1,6- glucosidase (debranch)
organ: muscle and liver

increased glycogen with short branches

light hypoglycemia and heptatomegaly

90
Q

VI Hers

A

phosphorylase

liver

increased levels of glycogen

prevents glycogen breakdown in liver causing hepatomegaly, decreased blood glucose

91
Q

most active form of glycogen phosphorylase

A

relaxed and phosphorylated

92
Q

VIII

A

phosphofructokinase

liver

high levels of glycogen, normal structure

93
Q

glycosphingolipids

A

responsible for blood typing

fatty acid + glucose or galactose

94
Q

active glycogen synthase

A

a form

de-phosphorylate

95
Q

how do you name a protonated (acid) vs. unprotonated (base) fatty acid?

A

protonated: end in -oic acid
deprotonated: end in -oate

96
Q

Kcat

A

number of substrate molecules converted per active site per time

97
Q

II pompe

A

d.e.: alpha 1,4 glucosidase (lysosomal) acid maltase

organ affected: all organs

high glycogen with normal structure

acumulate glycogen in lysosome, decrease muscle and liver cell functoin, children die of heart failure

98
Q
A

fructose

99
Q
A

lactose

beta galactose 1 –>4 beta glucose

100
Q

glycolysis entry point for fructose from liver

A

DHAP or GAP

101
Q

laurate

A

12 carbon fatty acid

0 double bonds

systematic name: n-dodecanoate

102
Q
A

Biochem Exam 2 (1 decks)

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