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MCAT BIOCHEMISTRY FLASHCARDS > BIOCHEM CH.3 PART 1 > Flashcards

BIOCHEM CH.3 PART 1 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is the first law of thermo?

A

Energy of the universe is constant; cannot be created or destroyed

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2
Q

What is another term used to explain the first law of thermo?

A

Law of conservation of energy

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3
Q

What is the second law of thermo?

A

Universe tends to increase towards entropy

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4
Q

What is the symbol for entropy?

A

S

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5
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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6
Q

What does ΔH symbolize?

A

Enthalpy

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7
Q

What is the equation of enthalpy?

A

ΔH = ΔE + PΔV

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8
Q

In the enthalpy equation ΔH = ΔE + PΔV what does E represent?

A

Bond energy of products or reactions in a system

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9
Q

In the enthalpy equation ΔH = ΔE + PΔV what does P represent?

A

Pressure

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10
Q

In the enthalpy equation ΔH = ΔE + PΔV what does V represent?

A

Volume

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11
Q

Since all cellular reactions take place in a liquid phase, how is H related to E in a call?

A

H = E since the change in volume is negligible ΔV= 0 (no change)

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12
Q

Based on increasing and decreasing, how does ΔG relate to ΔH? What about entropy (S)?

A

ΔG increases with increasing ΔH (bond energy)

Decreases with increasing entropy

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13
Q

Favorable reactions has a ΔG that is….?

A

< 0

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14
Q

How does ΔG need to be for the reaction to be favorable? Or unfavorable?

A

ΔG negative, ΔG positive

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15
Q

What does it mean when ΔG is negative in a reaction?

A

Energy to spare

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16
Q

Reaction with a negative ΔG are said to be…?

A

Exergonic

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17
Q

Reaction with a positive ΔG are said to be…?

A

Endergonic

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18
Q

Endergonic reactions only occur if energy is….?

A

Added

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19
Q

Reactions with a negative ΔH are said to be…?

A

Exothermic

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20
Q

Reactions with a positive ΔH are said to be…?

A

Endothermic

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21
Q

What do endothermic reactions require, based on ΔH?

A

An input of heat

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22
Q

How is a standard free energy change calculated ΔG°?

A

With all reactants and products at 1 M concentration

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23
Q

What is the denotation of ΔG°’?

A

1 M concentration for all solutes except H+ and a pH of 7

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24
Q

What is the equation of ΔG°’?

A

ΔG°’ = -RT(In)K’eq

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25
Q

ΔG°’ = -RT(In)K’eq, please describe each variable?

A 
R = gas constant 
K'eq = ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium
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26
Q

How do you calculate K’eq?

A

K’eq = [C]eq[D]eq / [A]eq[B]eq

27
Q

What is the equation for ΔG for a reaction in the body?

A

ΔG = ΔG°’ + RT(In)Q

28
Q

ΔG = ΔG°’ + RT(In)Q, what is Q?

A

Q = [C][D] / [A][B]

29
Q

What is different between Q and K’eq based on the Gibbs free equations?

A

Q uses the actual concentrations

30
Q

How would we be able to recreate the laboratory standard initial set-up for ΔG = ΔG°’ + RT(In)Q?

A

Q =1 so InQ = 0 and then ΔG = ΔG°’

31
Q

What is the definition of equilibrium?

A

The point where the rate of reaction forward equals the rate of reaction in the reverse direction

32
Q

What are the two factors that determine whether a reaction will occur spontaneously in the cell?

A
  1. Intrinsic properties of the reactants and products (Keq)

12. Concentration of reactants and products (RTInQ)

33
Q

What will thermodynamic tell you about a reaction?

A

Where a system starts and finishes but nothing about the path travelled to get there

34
Q

What is the name of the energy required to produce a transition state?

A

Activation energy (Ea)

35
Q

What does a catalyst do in chemical kinetics?

A

Lowers the Ea of a reaction w/o changing the ΔG?

36
Q

How does the catalyst lower the Ea?

A

Stabilizing the transition state, making it less thermo unfavored

37
Q

How does catalyst affect free Gibbs energy?

A

They do not affect ΔG

38
Q

What type of energy metabolism are humans?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

39
Q

What is oxidation? What is reduction?

A

Oxidation: Loss of electrons
Reduction: Gain of electrons

40
Q

What are the three ways to recognize oxidation reactions?

A
  1. Gain of oxygen atoms
  2. Loss of hydrogen atoms
  3. Loss of electron
41
Q

What are the three ways to recognize reduction reactions?

A
  1. Loss of oxygen atoms
  2. Gain of hydrogen atoms
  3. Gain of electrons
42
Q

What does redox pair mean?

A

When one atoms gets reduced, another one must be oxidized

43
Q

What is the way we extract energy from glucose?

A

Oxidative catabolism

44
Q

What is the Bronsted-lowry acids and bases definition?

A

Acids are proton DONORS

Bases are proton ACCEPTORS

45
Q

What is the lewis definition of acids and bases?

A

Lewis acids are electron-pair acceptors

Lewis bases are electron-pair donors

46
Q

What is a conjugate base?

A

When an acid donates a H+, its remaining structure is called this

47
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

When a base accepts a H+, its remaining structure is called this

48
Q

The strength of an acid (Ka) is related to what?

A

Directly related to how much the products are favored over the reactants

49
Q

What is Ka?

A

Acid-ionization (acid-dissociation) constant of the acid (HA)

50
Q

What is Kb?

A

Base-ionization (base-dissociation) constant

51
Q

What is polyprotic?

A

More than one proton to donate

52
Q

What is amphoteric?

A

A substance that can act as either a acid or a base

53
Q

What type of molecules, based on acids and bases, are always amphoteric?

A

The conjugate base of a weak polyprotic acid

54
Q

What is the equation of pH?

A

pH = -log[H+]

55
Q

What does the pH formula imply?

A

{H+] = 10-pH

56
Q

What is the concentration of H+ in pure water and what’s its pH?

A

[H+] = 10^-7, the pH of water is 7

57
Q

What temperature defines a pH at neutral solution?

A

25 degrees celsius

58
Q

How to calculate the pKa and pKb?

A

-logKa or -logKb

59
Q

From the pKa value, how do we know the strength of the acid?

A

Lower pKa value, stronger acid

60
Q

From the pKb value, how do we know the strength of the base?

A

Lower pKa value, stronger base

61
Q

What is the most important buffer system in our blood plasma?

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

62
Q

What molecules are included in the bicarbonate buffer system?

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and its conjugate base (HCO3-)

63
Q

What are the two reactions of the bicarbonate buffer system?

A
  1. H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3-

2. CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

64
Q

What happens when H+ is high due to lactic acid production?

A

Reaction 1 H2Co3 -> H+ + HCO3 shifts to the left to reduce amount of free H+

MCAT BIOCHEMISTRY FLASHCARDS (2 decks)

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