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BioMed Semester 2 > Biochem - Carbohydrate Digestion > Flashcards

Biochem - Carbohydrate Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

How many units make up:

  1. monosaccharides
  2. oligosaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
A
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2
Q

Name the sugar

A

mannose

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3
Q

name the sugar

A

D-Ribose

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4
Q

name the sugar

A

D-Galactose

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5
Q

name the sugar

A

D-Glucose

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6
Q

name the sugar

A

D-Fructose

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7
Q

Maltose

  1. What two monosaccharides compose maltose
  2. How are they linked together
  3. Where is maltose derived from
A
  1. 2 alpha-D-glucose
  2. alpha 1,4 glycosidic link
  3. maltose is derived from starch
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8
Q

Sucrose

  1. What two monosaccharides compose sucrose
  2. How are they linked together
A
  1. alpha-D-glucose + beta-D-fructose
  2. Glc-alpha-1-2Fru
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9
Q

Lactose

  1. What two monosaccharides compose Lactose
  2. How are they linked together
A
  1. Beta-D-Gal + Alpha-D-Glc
  2. Beta-1,4 glycosidic link
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10
Q

Starch

  1. is this a homopolysaccharide, heteropolysaccharide, or a glycoconjugate?
  2. where is it commonly found?
  3. How are the components linked together?
  4. name the two types and how they are different
A
  1. homopolysaccharide
  2. main storage of plant sugar
  3. linked with alpha glucose
  4. Amylose - 1,4 glc links - helical configuration
    Amylopectin - 1,4 glc & 1,6 glc - branched structure
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11
Q

Glycogen

  1. is this a homopolysaccharide, heteropolysaccharide, or a glycoconjugate?
  2. where is it commonly found?
  3. How are the components linked together?
A
  1. homopolysaccharide
  2. main glc storage form in animals
  3. 1,4 and 1,6 alpha
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12
Q

Cellulose

  1. is this a homopolysaccharide, heteropolysaccharide, or a glycoconjugate?
  2. where is it commonly found?
  3. How are the components linked together?
  4. Why can’t humans digest this?
A
  1. homopolysaccharide
  2. chief constituent of plant cell walls
  3. linked by Beta-1,4 linkage
  4. Humans lack cellulase, which is needed to hydrolyze Beta-1,4 bonds
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13
Q

Heteropolysaccharides

  1. Are these branched or unbranched?
  2. List the common components of heteropolysaccharides
  3. What are the most abundant heteropolysaccharides int he body?
  4. Describe the charge of the most abundant heteroploysaccharides
A
  1. long unbranched containing a repeating disaccharide unit
  2. Disaccharide unit of a modified sugar and a uronic acid
    Such as: N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)
    &
    Glucuronate or iduronate
  3. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  4. highly negative charged molecules
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14
Q

Hyaluronates, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, keratan sulfates, dermatan sulfates, and heparin & heparan sulfates are examples of….

Homopolysaccharides
Heteropolysaccharides

Glycoconjugates

A

Heteropolysaccharides

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15
Q

What are the three main types of glycoconjugates?

A

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

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16
Q
  1. Where are proteoglycans found?
  2. Vaguely describe their composition
A
  1. Found in the extracellular matrix
  2. GAG chains linked to core porteins
17
Q

Give some examples of glycoproteins

A

antibodies, blood types (A, B, AB, O), hormones (FSH, LH, TSH)

18
Q

Where are some prominent places that glycolipids reside?

A

nerve tissues (brain), cell membranes, gangliosides

19
Q
  1. How are monosaccharides absorbed by the intestinal lining?
A

facilitated diffusion

20
Q

Maltase

  1. What type of bond does it cleave?
  2. What is its substrate
  3. What are its products?
A
  1. alpha 1,4 bonds
  2. malto-oligosaccharides
  3. glucose
21
Q

Sucrase

  1. What type of bond does it cleave?
  2. What is its substrate
  3. What are its products?
A
  1. Hydrolyzes sucrose and maltose
    alpha 1,4(glc-glc) and alpha-beta 1,2(glc-fru)
  2. sucro and malto-oligosaccharides
  3. glucose and fructose
22
Q

Isomaltase

  1. What type of bond does it cleave?
  2. What is its substrate
  3. What are its products?
A
  1. alpha 1,6 bonds (glc)
  2. alpha-dextrins
  3. glc
23
Q

Lactase

  1. What type of bond does it cleave?
  2. What is its substrate
  3. What are its products?
A
  1. Beta-glycosidases
  2. Lactose
  3. Glc and Gal
24
Q

Trehalase

  1. What type of bond does it cleave?
  2. What is its substrate
  3. What are its products?
A
  1. Trehalose
  2. Trehalose
  3. glc
25
Q

Monosaccharide absorption

Describe how monosaccharides are absorbed?

  1. Which ion-pump makes this possible and where is it located?
  2. Describe how the gradient allows glucose and galactose to asborb
  3. How does fructose absorb
  4. How do all 3 monosaccharides enter the blood stream?
A
  1. The Na+/K+ pump; It is pumps Na out of the intestinal cell and into the interstitial space
  2. Na/K pump creates a strong gradient for Na to enter the intestinal cell from the lumen. glc and gal symport with sodium
  3. facilitated diffusion
  4. exit intestinal cell across the basolateral membrane via facilitated diffusion on the GLUT2 transporter
26
Q

Describe where the following glucose transporters are found and briefly describe their function.

  1. GLUT 1
  2. GLUT 2
  3. GLUT 3
  4. GLUT 4
  5. GLUT 5
A
  1. Many tissues; basal transport and BBB
  2. Liver, islet beta cells, kidney, small intestine (GI), low affinity, high capacity [perhaps 2 limit absorption]
  3. Neurons; basal transport in neurons
  4. skeletal muscle, heart, fat; insulin responsive transport
  5. small intestine, sperm, testes; fructose transport

BioMed Semester 2 (6 decks)

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