Biochem Flashcards by Savannah Glenn

Appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease.

Factors that contribute to the state of nutrition

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Important regulators of food intake

Leptin, Ghrelin and Insulin

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Circulates, in the body, at levels proportional to body fat.

Leptin

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Adipose tissue produces

Adipokines

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Regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

Adipokines

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produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

Adipose tissue

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AMP and AMP/ATP regulate

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

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Senses cellular energy levels

AMPK

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regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) that senses cellular energy levels.

AMP and AMP/ATP

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regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways.

AMPK

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inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways.

High levels of AMPK activity

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Increased _______ increases appetite

Ghrelin

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favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue.

Ghrelin

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Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with

Age and sex

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Estimated daily protein requirements vary with

Age and sex

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The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to the

Calorie utilization for that day

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for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals

Recommended daily allowance (RDA)

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Reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population.

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

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Different nutrients have different

energy content

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Has the highest energy content per weight.

Fat

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has a high-energy content.

Alcohol

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correlated with an increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup.

Increases in obesity

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made by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using amylase followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.

High fructose corn syrup

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There are several potential health issues associated with comsumption of high fructose corn syrup including:

mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity

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Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including:

decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.

associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.

Obesity

not essential and provide no benefit to human health.

Trans fatty acids

increase levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol).

Saturated fats

increase levels of LDL and also lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol); thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

Trans fats

Prime side for drug metabolism

Liver | -also in plasma kidney, lung, gut wall

1)Increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic) 2)Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug 3)Inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)

3 potential outcomes of drug metabolism

can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA.

An increase in DNA repair activity

results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell.

Multidrug resistant

4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

- Cell proliferation - Cell specialization - Cell interaction - Cell movement

Where is Ghrelin produced?

Stomach

stimulates the brain giving rise to an increase in appetite

Ghrelin

favors the accumulation of lipids in visceral fatty tissue

Ghrelin

R groups are on the same side

CIS

R groups are on opposite sides

TRANS

metabolized in LIVER intestine, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue and brain

Fructose

The vast majority of the cell cycle period

Cell duplicates its contents

Where there is most variability among cell types, why some divide faster than others

Chromosomes duplicated and checked for errors

Time spent in S and G2

The actual division into daughter cells

How long does Mitosis take

1 hour

Chomosomes attatched to spindle

Metaphase checkpoint

Is environment favorable

G1 checkpoint

Is environment favorable and is DNA replicated

G2 checkpoint

Normal cellular genes that function in cell proliferation

Protooncogenes

Mutated protooncogene

Oncogene

Antiproliferative genes

Tumor suppressor gene

Dominant: cellular transformation occurs with a mutation by only one allele

Protooncogene

Recessive: loss of expression of both alleles leads to uncontrolled cell division

Tumor suppressor gene

Often involved in checkpoint signaling

Protein Tyrosine Kinases

Enzymes that transfer the gamma (Y) phosphate from ATP to a tyrosine on a target protein

Check points and PTKs

Target that phosphorylates itself

Intrinsic

Phosphorylates another protein

Extrinsic

Signals for proliferation

Growth factors

Several work in concert to stimulate cell division

Growth factors

Can induce cell growth but not division

Growth factors

What do growth factors bind to?

Specific cell receptors

What are growth factors involved in

Signal transduction pathways

Paradigm of growth factors

PDGF

Due to PDGF, there is an increase in

Intracellular calcium ions

PDGF allows reorganization of actin stress fibers to facilitate

attatchment

Causes DNA synthesis and cell division

PDGF

Growth factor + growth factor receptor - -Receptor oligomerization - -Receptor PTK activation - -Phophorylation of PTK moiety - -Docking sites form - -Recruitment of signaling enzymes - -Activation

Following growth factor- notes

Hemopoietic receptors membrane bound

Cytokines

- Cyclin/ CDK - Retinoclastoma protein, Rb - p53 - CDKI - E2F

Regulators of cell cycle

Restriction point

Late G1

Gatekeeper of restriction point

Retinoblastoma, Rb

What happens to irreparable damage to cell

Apoptosis

Cyclin D1 expression increased

Breast cancer

Mutational inactivation of Rb genes

Retinoblastomas

Sequestration of Rb by HPV E7 protein

Cervical

Deletion of CDK1 genes, p14, p15

Many cancers

Mutant CDK4 that is resistant to CDK1 gene products, p14, p15

Melanomas

Originates from a single mutant

Tumor

Cancer causing mutant that is dominant

Protooncogene

Cancer causing mutant that is recessive

Tumor suppressor gene

Most common genetic lesion found in human cancer

p53

Type of tumor suppressor genes

Retinoblastomas | recessive

- White or red patchs - Mouth sore that wont heal - Bleeding - Loose teeth - Painful swallowing - Lump in neck - Earache

Signs and symptoms of oral cancer

- Smoking/tobacco use - Heavy alcohol use - HPV - Chronic irritation - Immunosuppressants - Poor dental/oral hygiene

Risk factors for oral cancer

Gluconeogenesis and lack of uptake

Fasting hyperglycemia

Increases acetyl coA

Lipolysis

Accumulate in plasma

Ketone bodies