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Leys Final > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease.

A

Factors that contribute to the state of nutrition

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2
Q

Important regulators of food intake

A

Leptin, Ghrelin and Insulin

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3
Q

Circulates, in the body, at levels proportional to body fat.

A

Leptin

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4
Q

Adipose tissue produces

A

Adipokines

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5
Q

Regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

A

Adipokines

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6
Q

produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.

A

Adipose tissue

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7
Q

AMP and AMP/ATP regulate

A

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

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8
Q

Senses cellular energy levels

A

AMPK

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9
Q

regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) that senses cellular energy levels.

A

AMP and AMP/ATP

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10
Q

regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways.

A

AMPK

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11
Q

inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways.

A

High levels of AMPK activity

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12
Q

Increased _______ increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

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13
Q

favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue.

A

Ghrelin

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14
Q

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with

A

Age and sex

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15
Q

Estimated daily protein requirements vary with

A

Age and sex

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16
Q

The ideal amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to the

A

Calorie utilization for that day

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17
Q

for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals

A

Recommended daily allowance (RDA)

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18
Q

Reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population.

A

Estimated average requirement (EAR)

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19
Q

Different nutrients have different

A

energy content

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20
Q

Has the highest energy content per weight.

A

Fat

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21
Q

has a high-energy content.

A

Alcohol

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22
Q

correlated with an increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup.

A

Increases in obesity

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23
Q

made by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using amylase followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.

A

High fructose corn syrup

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24
Q

There are several potential health issues associated with comsumption of high fructose corn syrup including:

A

mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity

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25
Q

Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including:

A

decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.

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26
Q

associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.

A

Obesity

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27
Q

not essential and provide no benefit to human health.

A

Trans fatty acids

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28
Q

increase levels of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol).

A

Saturated fats

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29
Q

increase levels of LDL and also lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol); thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

A

Trans fats

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30
Q

Prime side for drug metabolism

A

Liver

-also in plasma kidney, lung, gut wall

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31
Q

1)Increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be excreted (hepatic) 2)Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug 3)Inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms (hepatic)

A

3 potential outcomes of drug metabolism

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32
Q

can decrease effectiveness of drugs that target DNA.

A

An increase in DNA repair activity

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33
Q

results from an increase in the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of the cell.

A

Multidrug resistant

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34
Q

4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism:

A
  • Cell proliferation
  • Cell specialization
  • Cell interaction
  • Cell movement
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35
Q

Where is Ghrelin produced?

A

Stomach

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36
Q

stimulates the brain giving rise to an increase in appetite

A

Ghrelin

37
Q

favors the accumulation of lipids in visceral fatty tissue

A

Ghrelin

38
Q

R groups are on the same side

A

CIS

39
Q

R groups are on opposite sides

A

TRANS

40
Q

metabolized in LIVER intestine, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue and brain

A

Fructose

41
Q

The vast majority of the cell cycle period

A

G0

42
Q

Cell duplicates its contents

A

G1

43
Q

Where there is most variability among cell types, why some divide faster than others

A

G1

44
Q

Chromosomes duplicated and checked for errors

A

Time spent in S and G2

45
Q

The actual division into daughter cells

A

M

46
Q

How long does Mitosis take

A

1 hour

47
Q

Chomosomes attatched to spindle

A

Metaphase checkpoint

48
Q

Is environment favorable

A

G1 checkpoint

49
Q

Is environment favorable and is DNA replicated

A

G2 checkpoint

50
Q

Normal cellular genes that function in cell proliferation

A

Protooncogenes

51
Q

Mutated protooncogene

A

Oncogene

52
Q

Antiproliferative genes

A

Tumor suppressor gene

53
Q

Dominant: cellular transformation occurs with a mutation by only one allele

A

Protooncogene

54
Q

Recessive: loss of expression of both alleles leads to uncontrolled cell division

A

Tumor suppressor gene

55
Q

Often involved in checkpoint signaling

A

Protein Tyrosine Kinases

56
Q

Enzymes that transfer the gamma (Y) phosphate from ATP to a tyrosine on a target protein

A

Check points and PTKs

57
Q

Target that phosphorylates itself

A

Intrinsic

58
Q

Phosphorylates another protein

A

Extrinsic

59
Q

Signals for proliferation

A

Growth factors

60
Q

Several work in concert to stimulate cell division

A

Growth factors

61
Q

Can induce cell growth but not division

A

Growth factors

62
Q

What do growth factors bind to?

A

Specific cell receptors

63
Q

What are growth factors involved in

A

Signal transduction pathways

64
Q

Paradigm of growth factors

A

PDGF

65
Q

Due to PDGF, there is an increase in

A

Intracellular calcium ions

66
Q

PDGF allows reorganization of actin stress fibers to facilitate

A

attatchment

67
Q

Causes DNA synthesis and cell division

A

PDGF

68
Q

Growth factor + growth factor receptor

  • -Receptor oligomerization
  • -Receptor PTK activation
  • -Phophorylation of PTK moiety
  • -Docking sites form
  • -Recruitment of signaling enzymes
  • -Activation
A

Following growth factor- notes

69
Q

Hemopoietic receptors membrane bound

A

Cytokines

70
Q
  • Cyclin/ CDK
  • Retinoclastoma protein, Rb
  • p53
  • CDKI
  • E2F
A

Regulators of cell cycle

71
Q

Restriction point

A

Late G1

72
Q

Gatekeeper of restriction point

A

Retinoblastoma, Rb

73
Q

What happens to irreparable damage to cell

A

Apoptosis

74
Q

Cyclin D1 expression increased

A

Breast cancer

75
Q

Mutational inactivation of Rb genes

A

Retinoblastomas

76
Q

Sequestration of Rb by HPV E7 protein

A

Cervical

77
Q

Deletion of CDK1 genes, p14, p15

A

Many cancers

78
Q

Mutant CDK4 that is resistant to CDK1 gene products, p14, p15

A

Melanomas

79
Q

Originates from a single mutant

A

Tumor

80
Q

Cancer causing mutant that is dominant

A

Protooncogene

81
Q

Cancer causing mutant that is recessive

A

Tumor suppressor gene

82
Q

Most common genetic lesion found in human cancer

A

p53

83
Q

Type of tumor suppressor genes

A

Retinoblastomas

recessive

84
Q
  • White or red patchs
  • Mouth sore that wont heal
  • Bleeding
  • Loose teeth
  • Painful swallowing
  • Lump in neck
  • Earache
A

Signs and symptoms of oral cancer

85
Q
  • Smoking/tobacco use
  • Heavy alcohol use
  • HPV
  • Chronic irritation
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Poor dental/oral hygiene
A

Risk factors for oral cancer

86
Q

Gluconeogenesis and lack of uptake

A

Fasting hyperglycemia

87
Q

Increases acetyl coA

A

Lipolysis

88
Q

Accumulate in plasma

A

Ketone bodies

Leys Final (1 decks)

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