Biochem Flashcards
Acid
Donates protons (H+) Sour.
Adenine
Nitrogenous base paired with Thymine. (AT)
ATP
Adenosine Triphospate. Adenine plus ribose. Transports energy.
Alpha Helix
Possible secondary structure of proteins
Amine Group
-NH2
Amino Acid
Protein monomer. Amino group on one side, acidic group on the other. R group attached.
Base
Accepts protons (H+) Bitter. Slippery.
Beta Pleated Sheet
Possible secondary structure of proteins
Bonding
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Buffer
Allows for resistance in pH changes
Carbohydrate
Short term energy sources. “Hydrates of carbon”. H on one side, OH on the other.
Cellulose
AKA “fiber”. From plants/insects’s exoskeletons. Indigestible. A polymer of monosaccharides.
Complimentary Base Pairing
Pairs in DNA and RNA. AT(AU), CG.
Cytosine
Nitrogenous base. Paired with Guamine. (TC)
Dehydration Synthesis
“Building by Taking Away Water.” Water is removed from monomer to make polymer.
DNA
Nucleic acid. DNA holds code proteins follow when being built. Contains the sugar deoxyribose. TA, GC. Polymer of nucleotides.
Dipeptide
Two amino acids connected by a peptide bond
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides bonded together. Maltose, Galactose, Sucrose.
Double Helix
Shape of double stranded nucleix acids, like DNA
Glucose
A monosaccharide.
Glycerol
Bonds with three fatty acids to make a fat molecule and water.
Guanine
Nitrogenous base. Pairs with cytonine. (CG)
Glycogen
A polysaccharide. Long chain of glucose. Quick energy source. Used by animals.
Hemoglobin
A protein in blood which transports oxygen in blood.
Hydrogen Bonding
Between polarized hydrogen and a negatively polarized guy
Hydrolysis
“Building through water.” Going from polymer to monomers.
Lipid
Long term energy storage. Fats, oils, phospolipids and steroids.
Maltose
Disaccharide. Glucose plus glucose.
Monomer
Bricks bonded together to form a wall(polymer)
Monosaccharide
Carb. Simple sugar. Less than seven carbons.
Neutral Fat
Glycerol plus one or more fatty acids.
Nitrogenous Base
A part of a nucleotide. Adenine, Guamine, Thymine(Uracil), Cytosine.
Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA. DNA has the codes for protein, RNA acts them out in synthesis. Made of polymers of nucleotides.
Nucleotide
What makes up nucleic acids. Composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.
Organic
Dealing with things made up of carbon and hydrogen. Possibly also have nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or phosphorus.
Peptide Bond
Bond betweent amino acids
pH
Scale which measures the amount of H+ in a solution. Zero is acidic, seven is neutral, and fourteen is basic.
Phosphate
PO4(3-). Involved in phospholipids, ATP, and nucelotides.
Phospholipid
A lipid. Has an attached phosphate group which gives it polarity. Used in membranes. Hyrophilic head, hydrophobic tail.
Polarity
One end is slightly positive, one end is slightly negative.
Polymer
Several monomers linked together. The brick wall!
Polypeptide
Makes up proteins. A chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.
Polysaccharide
Large polymers of monosaccharides.
Primary Structure
Linear sequence of animo acids. Polypeptides differ by the R groups.
Protein
Made up of animo acids. Hair, nails. Helps in ligaments, tendons, and skin. Deals in transportation. Enzymes.
Quartenary Structure
Required when a protein is made up of more than one polypeptide.
R-group
“Remainder” group in amino acids, alongside an amino group and an acidic group.
RNA
A nucleic acid. Made up of a polymer of nucleotides. Has Adenine, Uracil, Guamine and Cytosine. Participates in synthesis of proteins.
Ribose
The sugar in RNA. Combines with adenine to make ATP.
Saturated Fat
Fat which is saturated with hydrogens. No double bonds. Tends to be solid at room temp.
Secondary Structure
Amino acids form either an alpha helix or a pleated sheet. The hydrogen bonding between them keeps them in shape.
Solvent
Dissolves something else. Universal solvent is water.
Starch
Carb. Long chain of glucose made in plants. Quick energy storage.
Steroid
Lipid made up of four carbon rings which control biological functions. Includes hormones such as extrogen and testosterone.
Sugar-phosphate Backbone
Backbone of nucleotides. Attached are the bases, which stick out.
Tertiary Structure
Proteins go into a globuler shape with the hyrophobic bits on the inside and the hydrophilic ones on the outside. Held together with covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds in R-groups.
Thymine
Nitrogenous base. Paired with Adenine. Only in DNA.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Fatty acid which has double bonds between carbons instead of being bonded with carbons. Typically liquid at room temp.
Uracil
Nitrogenuos base. Pairs with Adenine. Only in RNA.
Energy of Activation
Energy needed to begin a reaction.
