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Biochem 2 > Biochem 2 Ex 1 > Flashcards

Biochem 2 Ex 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What breaks glucose?

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, NADH, pyruvate, lactate and alanine

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3
Q

Where does the pyruvate from glycolysis go?

A

prep step for Krebs Cycle, gets turned into acetyl-CoA, which enters into Krebs.

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4
Q

What does pyruvate from get changed into in the Krebs Cycle prep step?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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5
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis after the glucose has entered the cell?

A

hexokinase turns glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

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6
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglucose isomerase turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

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7
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase turns fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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8
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

A

aldolase splits fructose-1,6-phosphate into glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate (important) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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9
Q

What is the fifth step of glycolysis?

A

glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase turns glyceraldyhyde-3-phosphate into 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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10
Q

What is the sixth step of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase turns 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate

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11
Q

What is the 7th step of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase turns 3-phosphoglycerate into 2-phosphoglycerate

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12
Q

What is the 8th step of glycolysis?

A

enolase turns 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate

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13
Q

What is the 9th step of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase turns phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate

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14
Q

What is the 10th step of glycolysis?

A

lactate dehydrogenase turns pyruvate into lactate

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15
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

in the cytosol

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16
Q

What do Kinase enzymes do?

A

transfer phosphate groups

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17
Q

What is PFK?

A

phosphofructokinase

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18
Q

What is a diphosphate?

A

two joined phosphates

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19
Q

What is a bis-phosphate?

A

two separate phosphates

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20
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

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21
Q

What is one glucose split into in the process of glycolysis?

A

1 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and 1 dihydroxyacetone phosphate or two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates

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22
Q

Who many pyruvates do we get from one glucose?

A

two

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23
Q

Can fructose enter glycolysis?

A

yes

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24
Q

How does pH effect PFK?

A

decreased pH inhibits PFK

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25
Q

How does citrate effect PFK?

A

citrate inhibits PFK

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26
Q

How does inhibition of PFK effect hexokinase?

A

if PFK is inhibited, hexokinase is inhibited

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27
Q

Where do we find glucokinase?

A

liver and B-cells of the pancreas

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28
Q

What is glucokinase?

A

alternative form of hexokinase

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29
Q

When does glucokinase make G6P?

A

when glucose is abundant (high Km)

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30
Q

Where is hexokinase found?

A

muscle

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31
Q

What stimulates glucokinase?

A

insulin

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32
Q

What effect does glucose-6-phosphate have on glucokinase?

A

it does not inhibit it

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33
Q

What effect does glucose-6-phosphate have on hexokinase?

A

it inhibits it

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34
Q

What 3 paths can glucose-6-phosphate take?

A

it can be burned in glycolysis, can form glycogen, can be oxidized in the pentose phosphate pathway to make NADPH

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35
Q

What stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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36
Q

What effect does alanine have on pyruvate kinase?

A

it inhibits it

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37
Q

What inhibits pyruvate kinase?

A

pyruvate, ATP, or alanine

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38
Q

What stimulates pyruvate kinase?

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

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39
Q

What is the universal energy currency?

A

ATP

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40
Q

What can the energy from the conversion of ATP-ADP be used to build?

A

fat, glucose, glycogen, protein, cholesterol, nucleotides

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41
Q

How fast is ATP consumed?

A

within a minute of creation

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42
Q

How much ATP is consumed each day at rest?

A

40kg

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43
Q

How much ATP is consumed during every minute of exercise?

A

over a pound

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44
Q

What are the three main energy systems?

A

ATP-PC System, Glycolysis, and aerobic system

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45
Q

What makes up the aerobic system?

A

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and electron transport system (oxidative phosphorylation)

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46
Q

Does the ATP-PC system replace ATP quickly or slowly?

A

quickly

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47
Q

What is the duration of the ATP-PC system?

A

5-10 seconds

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48
Q

When is the ATP-PC system used?

A

in short explosive activity

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49
Q

What kind of reaction do we see in the ATP-PC system?

A

coupled reaction

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50
Q

What is the key enzyme of the ATP-PC system?

A

creatine kinase

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51
Q

What inhibits the ATP-PC pathway?

A

ATP and creatine

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52
Q

What stimulates the ATP-PC pathway?

A

ADP,AMP, and creatine phosphate

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53
Q

What type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase?

A

fast twitch

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54
Q

What is the location of the ATP-PC system?

A

cytosol-mitochondria

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55
Q

What are the reactants of the ATP-PC system?

A

ADP, AMP, Pi

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56
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

carbohydrate breakdown

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57
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

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58
Q

What are the two types of glycolysis?

A

fast (pyruvate->lactic acid and alanine) and slow (pyruvate -> mitochondria -> aerobic metabolism)

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59
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, pyruvate, lactic acid, alanine, NADH

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60
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

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61
Q

What stimulates glycolysis?

A

ADP, AMP, Pi, ammonia

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62
Q

What inhibits glycolysis?

A

high ATP levels, high creatine phosphate, low pH

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63
Q

What type of muscle fiber would contain high concentrations of PFK?

A

fast twitch

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64
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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65
Q

What is oxidized in the aerobic system?

A

fat,carbs, protein

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66
Q

What system produces the most ATP?

A

aerobic system

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67
Q

Where does most of the ATP from the aerobic system come from when at rest?

A

70% from fat

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68
Q

Where does the aerobic system take place?

A

mitochondria

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69
Q

What are the products of the aerobic system?

A

ATP, NADH, FADH2

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70
Q

What are the reactants of the aerobic system?

A

fat, carbs, protein, ADP, AMP, Pi, acetyl, citrate, NAD, and FAD

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71
Q

What is the key enzyme of the aerobic system?

A

dehydrogenases

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72
Q

How are dehydrogenases in the aerobic system named?

A

named after the molecule they oxidize

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73
Q

What system would be used for 0-5 seconds of very high intensity exercise?

A

ATP-PC

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74
Q

What system would be used for 30 seconds - 2 minutes of high intensity exercise?

A

fast glycolysis

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75
Q

What system would be used for >3 minutes of low intensity exercise?

A

aerobic system

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76
Q

How much ATP can the ATP-PC system make, and how quickly?

A

A lot, very slowly

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77
Q

How much ATP can the fast glycolysis system make, and how quickly?

A

above average amount, below average speed

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78
Q

How much ATP can the slow glycolysis system make, and how quickly?

A

average amount and average speed

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79
Q

How much ATP can the aerobic system make with carbohydrates, and how quickly?

A

below average amount, above average speed

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80
Q

How much ATP can the aerobic system make with fat, and how quickly?

A

very little, very quickly

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81
Q

What is respiratory quotient?

A

a # that tells you what % of energy is coming from fat or carbohydrate and the ratio of CO2 expired to oxygen consumed

82
Q

What is the formula for respiratory quotient?

A

VCO2/VO2

83
Q

Is protein burned during exercise?

A

yes, but it is left out of the RQ calculation

84
Q

As exercise intensity increases there is greater amount of energy coming from carbs, does fat burning decrease?

A

no

85
Q

Where is fat burned?

A

in the mitochondria

86
Q

What inhibits fat burning?

A

lactic acid

87
Q

When does peak fat burning occur?

A

50-60% of the maximal aerobic capacity

88
Q

What does a high RQ mean?

A

excercise

89
Q

What does an increasing RQ mean?

A

more carbohydrate and fat are being burned

90
Q

What does a higher RQ mean in regards to what is being burned to make ATP?

A

more from carbs

91
Q

When does the absolute amount of fat burning decrease?

A

at very high RQs

92
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C’s attached to a CoA?

A

acetyl CoA

93
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C’s, 3 COOH and has a OH group attached to the middle C?

A

citrate (citric acid)

94
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C’s, 3 COOH and has a OH group attached to the bottom C?

A

isocitrate

95
Q

What is added to acetyl CoA to make citrate?

A

oxaloacetate and citrate synthase

96
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C’s, 2 COOH and has a double bonded O attached to the top C?

A

oxaloacetate

97
Q

What enzyme turns citrate into isocitrate?

A

aconitase

98
Q

What enzyme turns isocitrate into a-ketoglutarate?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

99
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C’s, 2 COOH and has a double bonded O attached to the bottom C?

A

a-ketoglutarate

100
Q

What enzyme turns a-ketoglutarate into succinyl CoA?

A

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

101
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 3 C’s, 1 COOH and has a double bonded O and SCoA group attached to the bottom C?

A

succinyl CoA

102
Q

What enzyme turns succinyl CoA into succinate?

A

succinyl Coa synthetase

102
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 single bonded C’s and 2COOH?

A

succinate

103
Q

What enzyme turns succinate into fumarate?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

104
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 Cs with a double bond and 2 COOH?

A

fumarate

105
Q

What reactant of the citric acid cycle is 2 C’s, 2 COOH and has a OH group attached to the top C?

A

Malate

106
Q

What enzyme turns malate into oxaloacetate?

A

malate dehydrogenase

107
Q

What pathways are energy releasing?

A

glycolysis, krebs cycle, beta oxidation, and glycogen degradation

108
Q

What pathways are energy requiring?

A

gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and glycogen synthesis

109
Q

What is the functional group of a carbonoyl group?

A

C=O

110
Q

What is the difference between a carbonoyl and an aldehyde?

A

an aldehyde has at least one H attached to the carbonoyl group

111
Q

What is the difference between a carbonoyl and a ketone?

A

a ketone has two R groups attached to the carbonoyl

112
Q

What is a hydroxyl?

A

an alcohol, ROH

113
Q

What is a carboxyl?

A

carboxylic acid, COOH

114
Q

What is an ester?

A

acid+alcohol= RCOOR’

115
Q

What is a thiol?

A

RSH

116
Q

What is a thioester?

A

RCSR’ with a double bonded O on C

117
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

P bound to four Os

118
Q

What is an amino group?

A

NH2

119
Q

How much energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP?

A

-7.3kcal/mol

120
Q

What is energy utilized for?

A

creating ion gradients, producing mechanical motion, synthesis of molecule, production of heat

121
Q

What is the range of energy charge for most cells?

A

.8-.95

122
Q

What does a high energy charge tell the cell?

A

build fat, glycogen or glucose

123
Q

What does a low energy charge tell the cell?

A

create ATP via the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, or the aerobic system

124
Q

How much energy is released when acetyl CoA is converted to acetate and CoA?

A

-7.5 kcal/mol

125
Q

What is phosphorilization?

A

transferring a phosphate group from one molecule to another

126
Q

What enzyme type is involved in phosphorilization?

A

kinase

127
Q

What is isomerization?

A

rearranging a molecule

128
Q

What enzyme type is involved in isomerization?

A

isomerase

129
Q

What is mutation?

A

shifting a group from one location to a different location on the same molecule

130
Q

What enzyme type is involved in mutation?

A

mutase

131
Q

How can cellular oxidation occur?

A

by addition of oxygen, removal of electrons, or removal of hydrogens

132
Q

What is the function of dehydrogenases?

A

to remove hydrogens and electrons from nutrient metabolites

133
Q

What enzyme type is involved in cellular oxidation?

A

oxidoreductase

133
Q

What is the only 5 carbon molecule in the citric acid cycle?

A

a-ketoglutarate

134
Q

What is the only 4 carbon group with CoA in the citric acid cycle?

A

succinyl CoA

135
Q

What is the prep step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

136
Q

Where does the Krebs prep step take place?

A

inside the mitochondrial matrix

137
Q

What is the first step of the Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl CoA+oxaloacetate + citrate synthase = citric acid H2O in, CoA out

138
Q

What gives the citric acid cycle its name?

A

3 carboxylic acid groups of citrate

139
Q

What is the second step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via aconitase

140
Q

What is the third step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase NADH and CO2 out

141
Q

What is the fourth step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

a-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl CoA by a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase NADH and CO2 out

142
Q

What is the fifth step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate by succinyl CoA synthetase GDP+Pi in, GTP and CoA out

143
Q

What is the one reaction in the Krebs cycle that directly yields a high energy bond?

A

cleaving the thioester bond of Succinyl CoA releases -7.5 kcal/mol

144
Q

How does GTP help us get ATP?

A

GTP+ADP is converted to GDP+ATP by nucleoside diphosphokinase

145
Q

What is the sixth step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

succinate is converted to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase FADH2 out

146
Q

What is the seventh step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

fumarate is converted to Malate by fumarase

147
Q

What is the eighth and final step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

malate is converted to oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase NADH out

148
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle considered aerobic even though there is no oxygen involved?

A

NADH and FADH2 deliver the electrons to the ETS, and the ultimate acceptor of electrons is oxygen

149
Q

What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

high NADH, high acetyl CoA, High ATP

150
Q

What inhibits the formation of citrate?

A

ATP

151
Q

What is the important control point in the Krebs Cycle?

A

the formation of citrate

152
Q

What regulates citrate synthase?

A

ATP inhibits it, oxaloacetate stimulates it

153
Q

What regulates isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP and NADH inhibit, ADP and NAD stimulate

154
Q

What regulates a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP, NADH, and Succinyl CoA inhibit

155
Q

Where does the ETS take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

156
Q

What is the ultimate acceptor of electrons?

A

oxygen

157
Q

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria:

A

porous

158
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria:

A

convoluted for an increased surface area, impermeable to most small ions and molecules, rich in integral proteins

159
Q

How is ATP created in the ETS?

A

by creating a proton gradient

160
Q

What is the starting point of the ETS?

A

NADH

161
Q

How many ATP does each NADH produce in the ETS?

A

3 (2.5 net)

162
Q

What is the order of the electron transport chain?

A

NADH, FMN of FADH2, CoQ, Cyto b, Cyto c, cyto a, and oxygen

162
Q

How many ATP does each FADH2 produce in the ETS?

A

2 (1.5 net)

163
Q

What is MEOS?

A

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system

164
Q

How many calories are in ethyl alcohol?

A

7 kcal/g

165
Q

What are the three enzyme systems of ethanol oxidation?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), and catalase

166
Q

What ethanol oxidation system is least active?

A

catalase

167
Q

Who develops higher blood alcohol levels?

A

young females

168
Q

Why do young females have higher blood alcohol levels?

A

less ADH in gastric mucosal cells

169
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

turns ethyl alcohol into acetaldehyde into acetate

170
Q

What is consumed and created in ADH?

A

NAD consumed, ADH created

171
Q

What can MEOS oxidize?

A

ethanol, fatty acids, aromatic hydrocrabons, steroids, and barbituate drugs

172
Q

Where does MEOS take place?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

173
Q

How does alcohol tolerance “increase”?

A

ethanol in high concentrations can induce synthesis of MEOS enzymes

174
Q

What produces acetaldehyde?

A

ADH and MEOS

175
Q

What accumulates in tissues where ethanol is metabolized?

A

fat

176
Q

What is the delta system of naming a fatty acid?

A

counting the double bond from the carboxyl group

177
Q

What is the numbering of linoleic acid?

A

18:2w6, 18:2D 9,12

178
Q

What fatty acid is 18:2w6, 18:2D 9,12?

A

linoleic acid

179
Q

What is the numbering of linolenic acid?

A

18:3w3, 18:3D9,12,15

180
Q

Is linoleic acid essential?

A

yes

181
Q

Is linolenic acid essential?

A

yes

182
Q

Name the inflamatory fatty acids:

A

palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic acid

183
Q

What is the numbering of palmitic acid?

A

16:0

184
Q

What is the numbering of stearic acid?

A

18:0

185
Q

What is the numbering of arachidonic acid?

A

20:4w6, 20:4D5,8,11,14

186
Q

What fatty acid is 16:0?

A

palmitic acid

187
Q

What fatty acid is 18:0?

A

stearic acid

188
Q

What fatty acid is 20:4w6, 20:4D5,8,11,14?

A

arachidonic acid

189
Q

What fatty acid is 20:5w3, 20:5D5,8,11,14,17?

A

EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid

190
Q

What is the numbering for EPA, eicosapenaenoic acid?

A

20:5w3, 20:4D5,8,11,14,17

191
Q

What fatty acid is 22:6w3, 22:6D4,7,10,13,16,19?

A

DHA, docosahexaenoic acid

192
Q

What is the numbering for DHA, docosahexaenoic acid?

A

22:6w3, 22:6D4,7,10,13,16,19?

193
Q

What does acyl mean?

A

fatty acid attached to something

194
Q

What is a TAG?

A

triacylglycerol

195
Q

What is acyl-CoA?

A

fatty acid attached to CoA

196
Q

Are the fatty acids in a triacylglycerol normally the same?

A

no

197
Q

How much energy does a reduced anhydrous triglyceride have?

A

9kcal/g

Biochem 2 (4 decks)

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