Biochem 1: Classification And Chemical Structrue Of Hormones

Question 1

What helps breast cancer cells grow?

Answer 1

They have receptors (proteins) that attach to estrogen and progesterone.

Question 2

Definition: biologically active substances, released into the blood by the endocrine glands and humoral way (through blood, lymph, saliva, CSF)?

Answer 2

Hormones.

Question 3

What do hormones regulate?

Answer 3

They regulate metabolism and physiological processes.

Question 4

What do hormones play an important role in?

Answer 4

They play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis.

Question 5

What essential life processes do hormones influence?

Answer 5

Growth, metabolism, development, immune defense, reproduction, behavior, and adaptation to the conditions of existence.

Question 6

How are hormonal effects on the metabolic processes of target cells realized?

Answer 6

Through interaction with specific receptors.
Depending on the localization of these receptors different mechanisms of action of hormones are present.

Question 7

List the 2 different hormone types?

Answer 7

1- the local hormones: local effects.
2- the general hormones: secreted by specific endocrine glands and are transported in the blood to cause physiologic actions at points remote from their place or origin.

Question 8

What do circulating hormones act on?

Answer 8

They act on distant targets, and they travel in blood.

Question 9

What do local hormones act on?

Answer 9

1- Paracrine cells act on neighboring cells.
2- Autocrine cells act on same cell that secreted them.

Question 10

Definition: a functional unit of cells that works together to create and release a product into a duct or directly to the bloodstream?

Answer 10

Gland.

Question 11

What are the 2 types of glands?

Answer 11

1- Exocrine glands: secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface.
2- Endocrine glands: secrete products directly into the bloodstream.

Question 12

List the 4 general functions of hormones?

Answer 12

1- Regulatory of homeostatic function: the hormones have regular effects on the composition of the body fluids, the rate of gaseous exchange, and activity of the vascular system and the central nervous system (CNS).

2- Permissive function: endocrine glands effect the functioning of one another (e.g. TE hormones).

3- Integrative function: reflected in the fact that they support the role of the nervous system.

4- Morphogenetic function: the hormones govern the gene development of an individual from the embryonic to adult state.

Question 13

Where is aldosterone produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 13

Production: adrenal glands,
Functions: regulate salt, water balance, and blood pressure.

Question 14

Where is corticosteriod produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 14

Production: adrenal glands.
Functions: controls key functions in the body; acts as an anti-inflammatory; maintains blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and muscle strength; regulates salt and water balance.

Question 15

Where is antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 15

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: affects water retention in kidneys; controls blood pressure.

Question 16

Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 16

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: controls production of sex hormones, and the production of eggs and sperm.

Question 17

Where is growth hormone (GH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 17

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: affects growth and development; stimulates protein production; affects fat distribution.

Question 18

Where is luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 18

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: controls production of sex hormones, and the production of eggs and sperm.

Question 19

Where is oxytocin produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 19

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: stimulates contraction of uterus and milk ducts in the breast (milk let down).

Question 20

Where is prolactin produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 20

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: initiates and maintains milk production in breasts; impacts sex hormone levels.

Question 21

Where is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 21

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Question 22

Where is renin and angiotensin produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 22

Production: kidneys.
Functions: controls blood pressure, both directly and also by regulating aldosterone production from the adrenal glands.

Question 23

Where is erythropoietin produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 23

Production: kidneys.
Functions: affects red blood cells (RBC) production.

Question 24

Where is glucagon produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 24

Production: pancreas.
Functions: raises blood sugar levels.

Question 25

Where is insulin produced and what is its function?

Answer 25

Production: pancreas. Functions: lowers blood sugar levels; stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat.

Question 26

Where is estrogen produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 26

Production: ovaries. Functions: affects development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive development, important for functioning of uterus and breasts; also protects bone health.

Question 27

Where is progestreone produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 27

Production: ovaries. Functions: stimulates the lining of the uterus for fertilization; prepares the breast for milk production.

Question 28

Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 28

Production: parathyroid glands. Functions: most important regulator of blood calcium levels.

Question 29

Where is thyroid hormone produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 29

Production: thyroid gland. Functions: controls metabolism; also affects growth, maturation, nervous system activity, and metabolism.

Question 30

Where is epinephrine produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 30

Production: adrenal glands. Functions: increases heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow.

Question 31

Where is norepinephrine produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 31

Production: adrenal glands. Functions: maintains blood pressure.

Question 32

Where is testosterone produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 32

Production: testes (testicles). Functions: develop and maintain male sexual characteristics and maturation.

Question 33

Where is melatonin produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 33

Production: pineal gland. Functions: releases melatonin during night hours to help with sleep.

Question 34

Where is growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 34

Production: hypothalamus. Functions: regulates growth hormone release in the pituitary gland.

Question 35

Where is thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 35

Production: hypothalamus. Functions: regulates thyroid stimulating hormone release in the pituitary gland.

Question 36

Where is gondatropin releasing hormone produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 36

Production: hypothalamus. Functions: regulates LH/FSH production in the pituitary gland.

Question 37

Where is corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 37

Production: hypothalamus. Functions: regulates adrenocorticotropin release in the pituitary gland.

Question 38

Where is humoral factors produced and what is it’s function?

Answer 38

Production: thymus. Function: help develop the lymphoid system.

Question 39

What are the 3 groups of hormones?

Answer 39

1- steroids. 2- peptides. ^ high molecular weight. 3- amino acid derivatives (or phenolic derivatives) ^ low molecular weight.

Question 40

What is the most common group of hormones?

Answer 40

Peptide hormones.

Question 41

Amino acid derived hormones are derived from which amino acid?

Answer 41

Tyrosine.

Question 42

Which group of hormones are water soluble and insoluble in lipids?

Answer 42

Peptide derivatives. These hormones cannot pass through plasma membranes of cells; therefore, their receptors are found on the surface of the target cells.

Question 43

What are most lipid/steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 43

Cholesterol.

Question 44

Which group of hormones are insoluble in water?

Answer 44

Steroid hormones. They can diffuse across plasma membrane whereas the amino acid derived and peptide hormones cannot. They are transported by proteins in blood.

Question 45

Which group of hormones have longer duration?

Answer 45

Steroid/lipid hormones.

Question 46

List the 2 hormone mechanisms of action?

Answer 46

1- nonsteroid hormone action. 2- steroid hormone action.

Question 47

What is the second messenger in non-steroid action?

Answer 47

cAMP

Question 48

List 6 examples of hormones that use the cAMP second messenger system?

Answer 48

1- ACTH. 2- Calcitonin. 3- Epinephrine. 4- Glucagon. 5- Parathyroid hormone. 6- ADH.

Question 49

Which group of hormones work on a DNA level?

Answer 49

Steroid.

Question 50

List 5 examples of hormones that exert effect via steroid hormone mechanism?

Answer 50

1- Testosterone. 2- Estrogen. 3- Progesterone. 4- Aldosterone. 5- Calcitriol.

Question 51

Definition: the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity?

Answer 51

Up-regulation.

Question 52

Definition: when the number of receptors decreases in response to rising hormone levels, cellular activity is reduced?

Answer 52

Down-regulation.