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Endo > Biochem 1: Classification And Chemical Structrue Of Hormones > Flashcards

Biochem 1: Classification And Chemical Structrue Of Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What helps breast cancer cells grow?

A

They have receptors (proteins) that attach to estrogen and progesterone.

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2
Q

Definition: biologically active substances, released into the blood by the endocrine glands and humoral way (through blood, lymph, saliva, CSF)?

A

Hormones.

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3
Q

What do hormones regulate?

A

They regulate metabolism and physiological processes.

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4
Q

What do hormones play an important role in?

A

They play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis.

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5
Q

What essential life processes do hormones influence?

A

Growth, metabolism, development, immune defense, reproduction, behavior, and adaptation to the conditions of existence.

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6
Q

How are hormonal effects on the metabolic processes of target cells realized?

A

Through interaction with specific receptors.
Depending on the localization of these receptors different mechanisms of action of hormones are present.

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7
Q

List the 2 different hormone types?

A

1- the local hormones: local effects.
2- the general hormones: secreted by specific endocrine glands and are transported in the blood to cause physiologic actions at points remote from their place or origin.

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8
Q

What do circulating hormones act on?

A

They act on distant targets, and they travel in blood.

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9
Q

What do local hormones act on?

A

1- Paracrine cells act on neighboring cells.
2- Autocrine cells act on same cell that secreted them.

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10
Q

Definition: a functional unit of cells that works together to create and release a product into a duct or directly to the bloodstream?

A

Gland.

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of glands?

A

1- Exocrine glands: secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface.
2- Endocrine glands: secrete products directly into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

List the 4 general functions of hormones?

A

1- Regulatory of homeostatic function: the hormones have regular effects on the composition of the body fluids, the rate of gaseous exchange, and activity of the vascular system and the central nervous system (CNS).

2- Permissive function: endocrine glands effect the functioning of one another (e.g. TE hormones).

3- Integrative function: reflected in the fact that they support the role of the nervous system.

4- Morphogenetic function: the hormones govern the gene development of an individual from the embryonic to adult state.

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13
Q

Where is aldosterone produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: adrenal glands,
Functions: regulate salt, water balance, and blood pressure.

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14
Q

Where is corticosteriod produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: adrenal glands.
Functions: controls key functions in the body; acts as an anti-inflammatory; maintains blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and muscle strength; regulates salt and water balance.

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15
Q

Where is antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: affects water retention in kidneys; controls blood pressure.

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16
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: controls production of sex hormones, and the production of eggs and sperm.

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17
Q

Where is growth hormone (GH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: affects growth and development; stimulates protein production; affects fat distribution.

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18
Q

Where is luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: controls production of sex hormones, and the production of eggs and sperm.

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19
Q

Where is oxytocin produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: stimulates contraction of uterus and milk ducts in the breast (milk let down).

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20
Q

Where is prolactin produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: initiates and maintains milk production in breasts; impacts sex hormone levels.

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21
Q

Where is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pituitary gland.
Functions: stimulates the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.

22
Q

Where is renin and angiotensin produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: kidneys.
Functions: controls blood pressure, both directly and also by regulating aldosterone production from the adrenal glands.

23
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: kidneys.
Functions: affects red blood cells (RBC) production.

24
Q

Where is glucagon produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pancreas.
Functions: raises blood sugar levels.

25
Q

Where is insulin produced and what is its function?

A

Production: pancreas.
Functions: lowers blood sugar levels; stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat.

26
Q

Where is estrogen produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: ovaries.
Functions: affects development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive development, important for functioning of uterus and breasts; also protects bone health.

27
Q

Where is progestreone produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: ovaries.
Functions: stimulates the lining of the uterus for fertilization; prepares the breast for milk production.

28
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone (PTH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: parathyroid glands.
Functions: most important regulator of blood calcium levels.

29
Q

Where is thyroid hormone produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: thyroid gland.
Functions: controls metabolism; also affects growth, maturation, nervous system activity, and metabolism.

30
Q

Where is epinephrine produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: adrenal glands.
Functions: increases heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow.

31
Q

Where is norepinephrine produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: adrenal glands.
Functions: maintains blood pressure.

32
Q

Where is testosterone produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: testes (testicles).
Functions: develop and maintain male sexual characteristics and maturation.

33
Q

Where is melatonin produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: pineal gland.
Functions: releases melatonin during night hours to help with sleep.

34
Q

Where is growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: hypothalamus.
Functions: regulates growth hormone release in the pituitary gland.

35
Q

Where is thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: hypothalamus.
Functions: regulates thyroid stimulating hormone release in the pituitary gland.

36
Q

Where is gondatropin releasing hormone produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: hypothalamus.
Functions: regulates LH/FSH production in the pituitary gland.

37
Q

Where is corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: hypothalamus.
Functions: regulates adrenocorticotropin release in the pituitary gland.

38
Q

Where is humoral factors produced and what is it’s function?

A

Production: thymus.
Function: help develop the lymphoid system.

39
Q

What are the 3 groups of hormones?

A

1- steroids.
2- peptides.
^ high molecular weight.
3- amino acid derivatives (or phenolic derivatives)
^ low molecular weight.

40
Q

What is the most common group of hormones?

A

Peptide hormones.

41
Q

Amino acid derived hormones are derived from which amino acid?

A

Tyrosine.

42
Q

Which group of hormones are water soluble and insoluble in lipids?

A

Peptide derivatives.
These hormones cannot pass through plasma membranes of cells; therefore, their receptors are found on the surface of the target cells.

43
Q

What are most lipid/steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol.

44
Q

Which group of hormones are insoluble in water?

A

Steroid hormones.
They can diffuse across plasma membrane whereas the amino acid derived and peptide hormones cannot.
They are transported by proteins in blood.

45
Q

Which group of hormones have longer duration?

A

Steroid/lipid hormones.

46
Q

List the 2 hormone mechanisms of action?

A

1- nonsteroid hormone action.
2- steroid hormone action.

47
Q

What is the second messenger in non-steroid action?

A

cAMP

48
Q

List 6 examples of hormones that use the cAMP second messenger system?

A

1- ACTH.
2- Calcitonin.
3- Epinephrine.
4- Glucagon.
5- Parathyroid hormone.
6- ADH.

49
Q

Which group of hormones work on a DNA level?

A

Steroid.

50
Q

List 5 examples of hormones that exert effect via steroid hormone mechanism?

A

1- Testosterone.
2- Estrogen.
3- Progesterone.
4- Aldosterone.
5- Calcitriol.

51
Q

Definition: the number of receptors increases in response to rising hormone levels, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity?

A

Up-regulation.

52
Q

Definition: when the number of receptors decreases in response to rising hormone levels, cellular activity is reduced?

A

Down-regulation.

Endo (8 decks)

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