Biobased production - lecture 2 + biobased economy - lecture 3 Flashcards
What does a bioreactor consist of and what is important aspects to consider?
Bioreactors used to consist of wooden barrel but now is often in steel vessel.
Important parameters is the aseptic conditions, a large production volume, mixing, aeration, fermentation modes and containment.
In addition, the living microorganism, pure culture, strain improvement, screening, genetic engineering and metabolic engineering.
What is the important steps in the central metabolic pathway?
glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle and anaplerotic pathways.
What is important aspects of the anaerobic catabolism?
Fermentation, redox balance and ATP production.
What is important aspects of the aerobic catabolism?
Respiration.
2 NADH -> 2 P/O ATP
What is and the result of biosynthesis?
Uses NADPH, ATP, NAD+ to create NADP+, ADP, NADH via biosynthesis.
Biosynthesis result in creation of amino acids, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleotides.
How is product formation linked to microbial growth and survival?
Due to the central metabolic pathway being linked to biosynthesis and product formation via precursor metabolite.
When growing cells the growth substrate is more or less simultaneously used to produce cells and the primary metabolites. After cells and primary metabolite are produced, the cells convert the primary metabolite to a secondary metabolite. Or after cells are produced, further growth substrate is converted into a secondary metabolites.
What is intracellular metabolites?
Product produced within the cells that does not accumulate.
What is produced from bacteria?
Natural producers, isomers-specific production and high secreation ability: typical of Gram+ bacteria.
Amino acids can be produced by E. coli, C. glutamicum and B. subtilis, creates 600 000 tons/year of L-glutamate and 800 000 tons/year L-lysine
Antibiotics can be produce from Streptomyces spp. 10 000 tons/year of tetracyclins.
Enzymes can be produce from baciluus spp. Creates proteases.
What us produced from yeasts?
S. cerevisiae can in natural strains produce 20million tons/year ethanol, 500 000 tons/year of starter culture and yeast extract. In recombinant strains able to produce insulin and lactic acid.
C. utilis can produce 50 000 tons/year of single cell protein.
What is produced from filamentous fungi?
Organic acids can be produced from aspergillus spp. E.g. 1 500 000 tons/year of citric acid, 75 000 tons/year of itaconic acid and 100 000 tons/year of gluconic acid.
Penicillin can be produced from penicillum spp. Creates 30 000 tons/year of penicillin
Enzymes can be produced from aspergillus niger. In natural strains 400 tons/year of amylase also phytase and xylanase. In recombinant strains asparaginase and 10 tons/year of rennin can be produced.
What is produced from mammalian cells?
Pharmaceutics. Hypridoma cells produce <20kg/year monoclonal antibodies. Mammalian cells produce <50kg/year vaccines. And recombinant mammalian cells produce therapeutic proteins <20kg/year.
How can fermentation product be divided?
- low value/high volume products such as bulk chemicals.
- high value/low volume products, such as pharmaceutical proteins.
What does a bioeconomy means?
In a bioeconomy, biomass of different quality and origin is converted into electricity, transportion fuels, chemicals and material. Instrumental for developing a sustainable bio-based economy will be that the right raw material/combination of raw materials are used in well integrated and efficiently run processes in the frame-work of biorefinery processes.
How can biomass be used to produce valuable products?
Biomass can be used(grown?) for(on?) syngas and wood polymers. In addition on sugar platform to create plastics, chemical composition, processability and functional properties.
From black carbon to green carbon, new production routes – but the same products. New products – with the same material properties. New products with new material properties. (be able to use the product in the same way as previously.
Give some examples on different products/ways made from biomass production within industry, transportation, textiles, food supply, environmental, communications, housing, recreation and health and hygiene.
Industrial: corrosion inhibitors, dust control, boiler, water treatment, gas purification, emission abatement, speciality lubricants, hoses and seals.
Transportation: fuels, oxygenates, anti-freeze, wiper fluids, molded plastics, car seats, belts hoses, bumper, corrosion inhibitors
Textiles: carpets, fibers, fabrics, fabric coatings, foam cushions, upholstery, drapes, lycra, spandex
Safe food supply: food packaging, preservatives, fertilizers, pesticides, beverage bottles, appliances, beverage can coatings, vitamins.
Environment: water chemicals, flocculants, chelators, cleaners and detergents.
Communications: molded plastics, computer casings, optical fiber coating, liquid crystal displays, pens, pencils, inks, dyes, paper products.
Housing: paints, resins, siding, insulation, cements, coatings, varnishes, flame retardents, adhesives, carpeting.
Recreation: foot-gear, protective equipment, camera and film, bicycle parts and tires, wet suits, tapes-CDs-DVDs, golf equipment, camping gear, boats.
Health and hygiene: Plastic eyeglasses, cosmetics, detergents, pharmaceuticals, suntan lotion, medical-dental products, disinfectants, aspirin.
