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Bioactive Phytochemicals > Bioactive Phytochemicals > Flashcards

Bioactive Phytochemicals Flashcards

1
Q

Alkoxyglycerols

A

ether-linked glycerols found in shark liver oil - make activate macrophases and natural killer cells

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2
Q

Allicin

A

Found in garlic and onions - may reduce serum total cholesterol concentration and blood pressure

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3
Q

Allylic sulfides

A

found in garlic, onions, leeks, shallots, and chives
- antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic
- activate liver detox enzymes
-inhibit cholesterol synthesis
- reduce blood pressure
- improve immune response,
- increase resistance to infection organism and parasites

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4
Q

Arabinogalactans

A

long, densely-branched polysaccharides bound to proteins
- found in carrots, radish, pear, maize, wheat, red grapes, tomatoes
- may inhibit tumorigenesis and metastasis

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5
Q

Beta-glucans

A

linear polymers of monosaccharides
- mushrooms
-stimulate phagocytosis and cytotoxic NK cell activity
- beta-d-glucans from oats are soluble dietary fiber

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6
Q

Biochanin A

A

water insoluble isoflavone in red clover
- weak estrogenic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and hypolipidemic properties

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7
Q

Carotenoids

A

more than 600 different tetraterpenes (beta-carotene) and xanthophylls (carotenoid alcohols)
- in plants with bright red, orange, and yellow pigments
-only alpha, beta, and epsilon exhibit vitamin A activity
- tissue specific actions
- enhance immune response
- protect against ultraviolet radiation
-spare glutathione peroxidase
Terpenes = antioxidants (green)
Lutein & zeaxanthine = antioxidant, phytoestrogenic

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8
Q

Carrageenans

A

polysulfated straight-chain galactans
- red seaweeds that resist digestion
- may be hypocholesterolemic

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9
Q

Catechins

A

flavonoids
- greatest in grape seeds and green tea leaves
- antioxidant, maybe antimicrobial, antiviral, chemopreventive
- increase basal energy expenditure and rate of beta-oxidation of fatty acids
- fermentation of green tea leaves to black tea creates biologically inert pigments

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10
Q

Cetyl Myristoleate

A

unsubstantiated claims of effect treatment for arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, immune disorders

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11
Q

Chlorophyll

A

green plant photoreceptive pigment
- may be antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic

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12
Q

Colosolic acid

A

triterpene from leaves of lagerstroemia speciosa
- “botanical insulin” bc it may accelerate glucose clearance from circulation

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13
Q

Curcuminoids

A

polyphenolic pigments found in rhizomes of tumeric
- antioxidan, anticoagulant, chologenic activities
- may be anticarcinogenic, antiviral, and hypolipidemic
- only half of ingested is absorbed

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14
Q

Isoflavones

A

act as phytoestrogens (compete w/ estrogen receptors but low biological activity)
- soybeans (genistein), chickpeas, beans, and legume vegetables

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15
Q

Isoprenoids

A

neutralize free radicals in membrane lipid peroxidation

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16
Q

Lignans

A

act as phytoestrogens
- falx seed, soybeans, wheat bran, oatmeal

17
Q

Limonoids

A

monoterpenes
- garlic, sage, camphor, dill
- increase expression of hepatic Phase 1 and II enzymes for detox
- inhibit neoplastic promotion and progression

18
Q

Lipoic acid and Ubiquinone

A

antioxidants that reduce (recycle) oxidized antioxidants

19
Q

Bioflavonoids (flavonoids and isoflavins)

A
  • citrus fruits, soybeans, legume vegetables, onions, apples, wine, green teas, licorice root, flax seeds
  • over 1500 - eg. hesperidin, glycosides, tageretin, quercitin, rutin
  • inhibit estrogen synthesis
  • potent antioxidants
  • inhibit cell proliferation
  • strengthen capillary integrity
  • enhance effects of vitamin C
20
Q

Glucomannan

A

hydrocolloidal polysaccharide
- source of soluble dietary fiber
- laxative activity
- glucose homeostasis and weight mgmt by interfering w/ adsorption of dietary nonfiber carbs
- may cause ab distension and flatulence

21
Q

Glucosinolates

A

converted to indoles and isothiocyanates upon chewing
- cruciferous vegetables
- deactivate chemical carcinogens
- activate liver and GI detox enzymes

22
Q

Indole-3-Carbinol

A

degradation product
of glucosinolates
- increase ratio of circulating anticarcinogenic to procarcinogenic compounds
- inhibit conversion of estradiol to procarcinogenic metabolite

23
Q

Lycopenes

A

acyclic isomers of beta-carotene
- tomatoes and red grapefruit
- antioxidant
- may help prevent prostate cancer

24
Q

Octacosanol

A

long-chain saturated primary alcohol
- from wax covering green blades of wheat
- may be hypocholesterolemic

25
Q

Perilla oil

A

contains ALA

26
Q

Phenols

A

in plants that produce blue, blue-red, and biolet pigments (almost all plants)
- inhibit specific inflammatory enzymes, modifying prostaglandin synthesizing pathways

27
Q

Phytoestrogens

A

isoflavones, lignans, coumestrol, zearalenol, zearalenone
- bind to estrogen receptors w/ low biological activity

28
Q

Phytosterols

A

found in soybeans and most other plants
- inhibit absorption of dietary cholesterol
- inhibit tumorigenesis in colon, breast, prostate

29
Q

Policosanols

A

long-chain primary aliphatic saturated alcohols
- from sugar cane, yams, beeswax
- hypocholesterolemic

30
Q

Polyphenols

A

found in garlic, green teas, soybeans, citrus fruits, onions, apples, licorice root, flax seeds, grapes, wine
- inhibit inflammation
- strengthen capillary integrity
- inhibit hormone binding

31
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

soybeans and legumes
- inhibit generation of free radicals by radiation and may retard carcinogenesis

32
Q

Pycnogenol

A

procyanidins, proanthocyanidins, catechins, phenolic acids (quercitin, gallic, caffeic, ferulic acids)
- from bark of French maritime pine tree (pinus maritima)
- antioxidants
- stimulate increased glutathione synthesis and expression of glutathione reductase and peroxidase
- increases blood flow in brain and heart

33
Q

Saponins

A

found in legume vegetables, spinach, tomatoes, potatoes
- inhibit cancer cells
- reduces serum total cholesterol concentration

34
Q

Sulforaphane

A

breakdown product of glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate)
- cruciferous vegetables
- induces expression of hepatic Phase II detox esp. glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase

35
Q

Thiols

A

sulfur-containing antioxidants found in garlic and cruciferous vegetables

Bioactive Phytochemicals (1 decks)

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