bio_108_20140916032835 Flashcards
1
Q
Amnion
A
Protects embryo from mechanical shock. Located inside chorion, consists of amnionic cavity and embryo.
2
Q
Chorion
A
Allows for gas exchange. Contains amnion, yolk sac, and allantois.
3
Q
Yolk Sac
A
Contains food. Inside chorion.
4
Q
Allantois
A
Waste disposal bag. Located inside chorion but outside amnion.
5
Q
Hylonomous
A
Earliest example of amniote.
6
Q
Reptilia
A
Includes reptiles, including birds.
7
Q
Synapsida
A
Includes mammals, including humans.
8
Q
Synapsid
A
One skull hole behind eye socket. Humans.
9
Q
Anapsid
A
No skull holes behind eye socket. Only turtles.
10
Q
Diapsid
A
Two skull holes behind eye socket. Reptilia.
11
Q
Cloacas
A
Single opening for egg, sperm, and waste.
12
Q
Testudines
A
Turtles, tortises, sea turtles.
13
Q
Carapace
A
Where turtles withdraw their skull.
14
Q
Intromittent Organ
A
Organs males possess that inserts sperm inside female.
15
Q
Lepidosauria
A
Tutaras, snakes, and lizards.
16
Q
Lepido
A
Scale
17
Q
Saur
A
Lizard
18
Q
Tutaras
A
Have teeth fused to jawbone and lack intromittent organ.
19
Q
Squamata
A
Snakes and lizards. Loosely jointed jaws and skull and paired hemipenis.
20
Q
Squam
A
Scaly.
21
Q
Crocodilia
A
Alligators, crocodiles, gharials.
22
Q
Archosauria
A
Includes birds, crocodilians, oterisaurs and non-avian dinosaurs.
23
Q
Dinosaurs
A
Include some of the largest animals to inhabit land.
24
Q
Deino
A
Terror.
25
Aves
Birds.
26
Archaeopteryx
Most famous extinct bird with wings, teeth, and wing claws.
27
Precocial
Young able to feed self.
28
Altricial
Young born helpless and featherless.
29
Dimetrodon
Sailbacks, reptile-like synapsids.
30
Therapsida
Ther=beast. Characterized by enlargement of dentary bone.
31
Mammals
Leftover jaw remnants make up middle ear. Differentiated teeth. Hair, diaphragm, endothermic and homeothermic. Mammary glands and intromission.
32
Occlude
Fit together (teeth).
33
Monotremata
Platypus and echidna. Lay eggs and have cloacas.
34
Oviparous
Lay eggs.
35
Theria
Marsupials and eutherians. Placenta initially, nipples.
36
Marsupialia
Characterized by pouch. Have cloaca.
37
Eutherian
Non-marsupial therians. Nipples.
38
Afrotheria
Underwent diversification in Africa. Elephants.
39
Xenartha
Anteaters, sloths, armidillos. Lack teeth, evolved in South America. Extra articulations in vertabrae.
40
Xenos
Strange.
41
Laurasiathera
Includes carnivores and bats. Also includes cetartiodactyla (even toed hoofed mammals and dolphins) and perissodactyla (odd toed hoofed).
42
Chiroptera
Bats, Only mammal capable of powered flight. Sonar. White-noise syndrome wiping out bat colonies.
43
Cetartiodactyla
Combination of orders cetacea and artiodactyla. Even toed hoofed mammals and dolphins.
44
Perissodactyla
Odd toed mammals, such as horses, zebras, donkeys, tapirs, and rhinos.
45
Lagomorpha
Rabbits, hares.
46
Rodentia
Rats, mice, squirrels, beavers. Constantly growing teeth.
47
Scandentia
Tree shrews, sister group to primates.
48
Primates
Monkeys, apes, humans. Thumbs and toe widely separated, flat nails, forward facing eyes, pentadactyl.
49
Anthropoids
Primates that include humans, monkeys, and apes. Anthropo = human.
50
Hominidae
Humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and great apes. Lack tails.
51
Osteichthyes
Bony fish.
52
Osteo
Bone.
53
Ichthys
Fish.
54
Ossified
Bony.
55
Endo vs. Exoskeleton
Inside and outside skeleton, respectively.
56
Operculum
In bony fish, covers gills.
57
Isinglass
Dried swim bladder used in the removal of yeast from beer.
58
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fishes.
59
Actin
Ray.
60
Actinistia
Lobe-finned fishes.
61
Coelacanth
Only extant genus within actinistia.
62
Dipnoi
Lungfish.
63
Pneu
Air/breathe.
64
Tetra
Four.
65
Pod
Foot.
66
Amphi
Both.
67
Bios
Life.
68
Anura
Frogs and toads.
69
An
Without.
70
Uro
Tail.
71
Urodela
Salamanders and newts.
72
Paedogenetic
Become reproductively active while in larval form.
73
Craniata
Chordates with a head. Largest animals that ever lived.
74
Cranium
Skull.
75
Agnathans
Jawless craniates.
76
Gnath
Jaw.
77
Myxini
Hagfish. Lack vertebrae.
78
Myxo
Slime.
79
Gnathostomes
Have jaws.
80
Gnath
Jaw.
81
Stome
Mouth.
82
Origin of Jaws
Anterior skeletal rods that used to support phrangeal slits.
83
Posterior Slits
Gill slits.
84
Condrichthyes
Sharks, rays, and chimeras. Cartilagenous fishes.
85
Deuterostomia
Bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic. Radial, indeterminate cleavage. Enterocoelous coelom. Blastopore DOES NOT become mouth.
86
Echinodermata
Sea stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers. Only found in sea.
87
Echi
Spines.
88
Tube Feet
Network of hydraulic canals for echinoderm water vascular system.
89
Madreporite
Special porous ossicle that connects water vascular system of echinoderm to sea water.
90
Asteroidia
Starfish.
91
Aster
Star.
92
Crinoidea
Sea lilies. Stalked and sessile.
93
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers. Secondarily bilaterally symmetrical. Scattered ossicles.
94
Dorsal
Back. Think "dorsal fin".
95
Notochord
Flexible rod located dorsally between digestive tube and nerve cord.
96
Noto
Back.
97
Chord
Cord.
98
Synapomorphies of Chordata
NotochordDorsal, hollow nerve cord. Pharyngeal clefts. Post-anal tail.
99
Urochordata
Tunicates. Mostly sessile. No chevrons. Pharyngeal basket.
100
Uro
Tail.
101
Paedogenesis
Becoming sexually mature in larval form.
102
Paedo
Child.
103
Cephalo
Head.
104
Cephalochordates
Lancelots. Adult has all four synapomorphies. Minimal cephalization, but has muscle blocks.
105
Lancelots
Secondary suspension feeders. Wriggle into sand, suck in water and extract particles using mucous. Mucous then ingested. Water exits through atriopore.
106
Atriopore
Hole through which water exits in suspension feeding of cephalochordata.
107
Pancrustaecea
Phylogeny where crustaceans have hexapods nested inside.
108
Cephalothorax
Merging of head and thorax in arthropods.
109
Biramous Limbs
Two-branched limbs.
110
Trilobita
Wiped out at end-Permian. 3-lobed. 1 pair antennae. 1 pair compound eyes. Many pairs biramous limbs.
111
Crustacea
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp.
112
Carapace
Shield that covers dorsal and lateral sides.
113
Mandibles
For biting/chewing.
114
Crust
Crunchy.
115
Copulation
Male places sperm on or in female's sperm recieving structure.
116
Direct Development
Hatchlings look like mini adults.
117
Nauplius Larva
Larva of crustaceans.
118
Bycatch
Stuff caught that we don't actually want (we want shrimp).
119
Entognathous
Mandibles enclosed by cheeks. Collembola.
120
Ento
Inside.
121
Ectognathous
Mandibles not enclosed. Insecta.
122
Ecto
Outside.
123
Furcula
Appendage used by collembola for jumping.
124
Collophore
Ventral tube in collembola that produces sticky substance.
125
Collo
Glue.
126
Ocelli
Single-lensed eyes.
127
Apterygote
Insecta without wings.
128
Pterygota
Insecta with wings.
129
Ametaboly
Arthropod juveniles that look exactly like adults without genetalia.
130
Meta
Change.
131
Nymph
Term associated with hemimetaboly.
132
Hemi
Partial.
133
Hemimetaboly
Wings develop slowly over several moults as wing pads.
134
Holometaboly
Wings develop all at once at stage called pupa.
135
Pupa and Larva
Terms used in holometaboly.
136
Holo
Complete.
137
Moulting in Hexapods
Shedding of all ectodermally derived cuticle (including foregut, hindgut, and trachae).
138
Entomology
Discipline that includes forestry, agriculture, and medicine.
139
Myriapoda
Millipedes, centipedes. Less tagmatization.
140
Myria
A great many.
141
Diplopoda
Millipedes. Detrivores and herbivorous. Two pairs of legs and stigmata per segment. Diplosegments.
142
Diplosegments
Fusing of adjacent pairs of segments.
143
Diplo
Double.
144
Chilopoda
Centipedes. Carnivorous. Poison claws. Cheilos.
145
Cheilos
Lip.
146
Xiphosura
Horseshoe crabs. Compound eyes, book gills, ingest particles, planktonic larvae.
147
Xiphos
Sword.
148
Arachnida
Spiders, scorpions, and mites. Fluid feeding predators.
149
Araneae
Spiders. 2 segmented chelicerae, have spinnerets.
150
Spinnerets
Abdominal appendages for spinning silk.
151
Book Lungs
Book gills that have been enfolded by abdomen.
152
Pedipalp
Structures on araneae that help male insert sperm into female. Grasping pincers on scorpiones.
153
Scorpiones
Scorpions. Segmented, has pincers and stinger.
154
Acari
Mites. Looks like ball with legs. Young have 3 legs, then three 8 legged stages, then finally adult. Economically important arachnid.
155
Moult
Shedding of cuticle.
156
Cuticle
Non-living layer of skin.
157
3 Layers of Cuticle
Endocuticle, Exocuticle, Epicuticle. Inside to outside. Sclerotized.
158
Sclerotized
Made hard. If shaped like plates, sclerites.
159
Scler
Hard.
160
Apolysis
Epidermis separating from endocuticle.
161
Apo
Away from.
162
Lys
Loosening.
163
Ecdysis
Moulting of the old exo and epicuticle.
164
Onychophora
Velvet worms, soft bodied, segmented, and unjointed legs with claws. Lobopods.
165
Lobopods
Claw-tipped limbs in onychophora and tardigrada.
166
Onych
Claw.
167
Phor
To bear.
168
Haemocoel
Open circulatory system. Onychophoran.
169
Haemolymph
Fluid in haemocoel system. Onychophoran.
170
Stigmata
Openings in side of body for gas exchange in onichophorans. Lead to tracheae.
171
Tracheoles
Tracheae terminated into many fine tubes.
172
Dioecious
Separate sexes.
173
Hypodermic Insemination
Spermatophore placed on female skin, digests into haemocoel, sperm crawls to egg. Onycophorans.
174
Oviparous
Lays eggs.
175
Ovoviviparous
Egg inside mother, but yolk not placenta.
176
Viviparous
Placenta.
177
Tardigrada
Water bears. Lobopods, move by stepping slowly. No gas exchange system.
178
Tardi
Slowly.
179
Grad
Stepping.
180
Nematoda
Roundworms and threadworms. Pseudocoelomate and Eutelic.
181
Pseudocoelomate
Body cavity, but not completely liend by mesoderm. Nematoda.
182
Eutelic
Number of cells does not grow, the size of each cell does. Nematoda.
183
Caenorhabditis elegans
Model organism for studying development. Eutelic, nematoda.
184
Arthos
Joint.
185
Pod
Foot.
186
Arthropod Characteristics
Jointed limbs, sclerotized, segmented, cephalized, tagmated.
187
Tagma
Specialized segments for specific function.
188
5 Main Groups of Arthropods
Trilobita, Chelicerata, Mytiapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda.
189
Acoela
Similar to platyhelminthes, but have no brain and no gut cavity.
190
Platyhelminthes
Flatworms, acoelomate, triploblastic, no circulatory/gas exchange systems. No anus.
191
Platy
Flat.
192
Helminth
Worm.
193
Turbellaria
Free living platyhelminths. Epidermis covered with cilia, pair of ganglia, no anus.
194
Cestoida
Platyhelminths, tapeworms. Endoparasitic. Lack digestive system, absorbs nutrients through skin. Scolex modified for holding gut. Proglottids for reproduction.
195
Scolex
Mouthpieces of cestoida modified for holding onto host's gut.
196
Proglottids
Chain of units devoted to reproduction.
197
Intermediate and Definitive Host
Pig and human. Reproduction happens in definitive host.
198
Echinococcus
Dog tapeworms. Have herbivorous mammals as intermediate hosts.
199
Hyatid Cyst
Balls of tapeworm larvae.
200
Brach
Arm.
201
Brachiopoda
Lamp shells. Complete gut with anal opening, suspension feed using two lophophores. Deep waters.
202
Ectoprocta
U-shaped gut, anus outside lophophore, colonial, specialized units.
203
Proct
Anus.
204
Bryo
Moss.
205
Zoa
Animal.
206
Annulus
Ring.
207
Metamerism
Repeated units with similar anatomy. Possessed by annelids.
208
Annelida
Segmented, metamerism, eucoelomate, closed circulatory system.
209
Parapodia
Almost feet. Polychaeta.
210
Chaetae
Bristles.
211
Errant
Active, as opposed to sessile.
212
Polychaeta
Parapodia, chaetae, cephalization, predatory. Can be predatory, ingest substrate, suspension, or deposit feed. Free spawning (external fertilization).
213
Benthic
Living at the bottom of the sea.
214
Polychtaeta Trochophore
Larvae are planktonic and live benthic lives.
215
Oligo
Few.
216
Oligochaeta
Annelids with few chaetae. Terrestrial ones are called earthworms. Copulate, but fertilization is external. Clitellum and coccoon. Direct development.
217
Clitellum
Produces coccon with egg inside, which partner fertilizes. External fertilization, oligochaeta.
218
Hirudinea
Leeches. Can be terrestrial. Have clitellum, lack chaetae. Some feed on blood, can have anaesthetic and anticoagulant. Medicinal leeches.
219
Hirudo
Leech.
220
Mollusca
Snails, clams, squids...Shell, mantle, foot, visceral mass, radula, gills, open circulatory system, unsegmented, trochophore.
221
Moll
Soft.
222
Mantle
Secretes calcerous shell.
223
Muscular Foot
Used for locomotion. Mollusca.
224
Visceral Mass
Above foot, contains organs, Mollusca.
225
Radula
Mouthparts of mollusca.
226
Trochophore
Small, free living translucent larvae. Mollusca and annelids.
227
Gastropoda
Molluscs like snails. Ones with shells undergo torsion. Terrestrial ones have lungs. Nudibranchs. Use nematocysts for protection.
228
Nudibranchs
Sea slugs. Gastropoda.
229
Gastro
Stomach.
230
Bivalvia
Molluscs without radula. Filter feed. Oysters, clams, scallops. Can be eaten, make pearls, or can be invasive pests.
231
Valve
Door.
232
Cephalopoda
Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish. Tentacles arranged around mouth, radula modified as beak. No external shell, mantle makes siphon. Direct development, maternal care, intelligent and complex behaviour.
233
Siphon
Created from mantle in cephalopoda, used for jet propulsion.
234
Para
Beside.
235
Parazoa
Lack tissues, consist of porifera and placozoa. Helped develop cell-cell recognition and cells are totipotent.
236
Totipotent
Cells that can transform to do many jobs (like stem cells). Parazoa.
237
Placazoa
Pancake spongs, only two cells thick.
238
Trichoplax adhaerens
Only species in placazoa.
239
Por
Pore.
240
Fer
To bear.
241
Porifera Morphology
Model organisms for early features. Sessile, except for larvae. No tissues or organs. Spicules provide structural support. Spongin also support. Two types of cells- amoebocytes and choanocytes.Mesohyl.
242
Spicules
Provide structural support for porifera, can be calcareous or silicious.
243
Spongin
Tough collagen-protein network for support in porifera. Used for bath and art purposes.
244
Two Types of Cells in Porifera and Roles.
Amoebocytes secrete spicules. Chaonocytes look like choanoflagellum. Flagellum surrounded by microvilli collar.
245
Mesohyl
Acellular layer in middle of porifera.
246
Porifera Feeding
Suspension feed, food particles phagocytosed.
247
Porifera Reproduction
Hermaphroditic. Simultanous or sequential (at the same time, or first one then other, respectively). Zygote retained until ciliated larvae.
248
Ecology and Importance of Porifera
Can have symbiotic relationships with larvae in photic zone. Bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. Bath and art from spongin. Glass sponges- delicate and long lived. Can form reefs.
249
Photic Zone
Places where sunlight reaches.
250
Radiata
Protostomes, belong to eumetazoa, diploblastic, has organs, radially symmetrical.
251
Eumetazoa
Animals with true tissues.
252
Cnidaria
Jellyfish, hydras, corals. Has mouth but no anus, three body layers and two forms. Tentacles used for play capture with cnidocytes.
253
Gastroderms (Cnidaria)
Endoderm that turns into body cavity for cnidaria.
254
Epidermis (Cnidaria)
Ectoderm that turns into layer on outside for cnidaria.
255
Mesogloea (Cnidaria)
"Middle jely" that is acellular matrix in between gastroderm and epiderm in cnidaria.
256
Two Forms of Cnidaria
Polyp- aboral and attached to substrate. Hydra. Medusa- oral and downwards. Jellyfish.
257
Aboral
Away from mouth.
258
Ab
Away from.
259
Cnidocytes
Cnida, most common type of nematocyst. For prey capture or defence.
260
Cnid
Nettles
261
Hydrozoa
Cnidocytes that show alternation of sexual and asexual form. No medusa form in freshwater species.
262
Scyphozoa
Cnidocytes that spend most of life in medusa form, move by contracting network of fibres.
263
Scyph
Cup.
264
Cubazoa
Cnidocytes that have eyes, and have extremely toxic cnidocytes.
265
Anthozoa
Cnidocytes that have no medusa stage (all polyps) that can be individual (sea anenomes) or colonial (corals).
266
Metazoans
Another name for animals.
267
Intercellular Junctions in Animals
Tight junctions. Desmosomes. Gap junctions.
268
Homeobox Genes
Regulatory genes that produce proteins that can turn genes on or off.
269
Hox Genes
Control anterior to posterior developmental sequence of embryo.
270
Anisogamy
Small, motile sperm and large, nonmotile eggs.
271
Iso
Same.
272
Cleavage
Cell division.
273
Development of Animals
Blastula, gastrulation, then gastrula.
274
Blast
Sprout, germinate.
275
Indirect Development
intervening stages (larvae) whose morphology is different from sexually mature adult stage.
276
Schizocoely
Internal split of mesoderm.
277
Enterocoely
Outpocketing of mesoderm.
278
Schiz
Split.
279
Entero
Gut.
280
Cambrian Explosion
When most major animal phyla appeared. 542-525 MYA.
281
Ediacaran fauna
575-550 MYA. Pillow animals.
282
Precambrian
Mistaken Point. 565 MYA.
283
Cambrian
542 MYA. "Small shelly fauna".
284
Burgess Shale
First explosion site discovered of Cambrian Explosion.
