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bio_108_20140916032835 Flashcards

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1
Q

Amnion

A

Protects embryo from mechanical shock. Located inside chorion, consists of amnionic cavity and embryo.

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2
Q

Chorion

A

Allows for gas exchange. Contains amnion, yolk sac, and allantois.

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3
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Contains food. Inside chorion.

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4
Q

Allantois

A

Waste disposal bag. Located inside chorion but outside amnion.

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5
Q

Hylonomous

A

Earliest example of amniote.

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6
Q

Reptilia

A

Includes reptiles, including birds.

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7
Q

Synapsida

A

Includes mammals, including humans.

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8
Q

Synapsid

A

One skull hole behind eye socket. Humans.

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9
Q

Anapsid

A

No skull holes behind eye socket. Only turtles.

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10
Q

Diapsid

A

Two skull holes behind eye socket. Reptilia.

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11
Q

Cloacas

A

Single opening for egg, sperm, and waste.

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12
Q

Testudines

A

Turtles, tortises, sea turtles.

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13
Q

Carapace

A

Where turtles withdraw their skull.

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14
Q

Intromittent Organ

A

Organs males possess that inserts sperm inside female.

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15
Q

Lepidosauria

A

Tutaras, snakes, and lizards.

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16
Q

Lepido

A

Scale

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17
Q

Saur

A

Lizard

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18
Q

Tutaras

A

Have teeth fused to jawbone and lack intromittent organ.

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19
Q

Squamata

A

Snakes and lizards. Loosely jointed jaws and skull and paired hemipenis.

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20
Q

Squam

A

Scaly.

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21
Q

Crocodilia

A

Alligators, crocodiles, gharials.

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22
Q

Archosauria

A

Includes birds, crocodilians, oterisaurs and non-avian dinosaurs.

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23
Q

Dinosaurs

A

Include some of the largest animals to inhabit land.

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24
Q

Deino

A

Terror.

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25
Q

Aves

A

Birds.

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26
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Most famous extinct bird with wings, teeth, and wing claws.

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27
Q

Precocial

A

Young able to feed self.

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28
Q

Altricial

A

Young born helpless and featherless.

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29
Q

Dimetrodon

A

Sailbacks, reptile-like synapsids.

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30
Q

Therapsida

A

Ther=beast. Characterized by enlargement of dentary bone.

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31
Q

Mammals

A

Leftover jaw remnants make up middle ear. Differentiated teeth. Hair, diaphragm, endothermic and homeothermic. Mammary glands and intromission.

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32
Q

Occlude

A

Fit together (teeth).

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33
Q

Monotremata

A

Platypus and echidna. Lay eggs and have cloacas.

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34
Q

Oviparous

A

Lay eggs.

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35
Q

Theria

A

Marsupials and eutherians. Placenta initially, nipples.

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36
Q

Marsupialia

A

Characterized by pouch. Have cloaca.

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37
Q

Eutherian

A

Non-marsupial therians. Nipples.

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38
Q

Afrotheria

A

Underwent diversification in Africa. Elephants.

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39
Q

Xenartha

A

Anteaters, sloths, armidillos. Lack teeth, evolved in South America. Extra articulations in vertabrae.

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40
Q

Xenos

A

Strange.

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41
Q

Laurasiathera

A

Includes carnivores and bats. Also includes cetartiodactyla (even toed hoofed mammals and dolphins) and perissodactyla (odd toed hoofed).

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42
Q

Chiroptera

A

Bats, Only mammal capable of powered flight. Sonar. White-noise syndrome wiping out bat colonies.

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43
Q

Cetartiodactyla

A

Combination of orders cetacea and artiodactyla. Even toed hoofed mammals and dolphins.

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44
Q

Perissodactyla

A

Odd toed mammals, such as horses, zebras, donkeys, tapirs, and rhinos.

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45
Q

Lagomorpha

A

Rabbits, hares.

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46
Q

Rodentia

A

Rats, mice, squirrels, beavers. Constantly growing teeth.

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47
Q

Scandentia

A

Tree shrews, sister group to primates.

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48
Q

Primates

A

Monkeys, apes, humans. Thumbs and toe widely separated, flat nails, forward facing eyes, pentadactyl.

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49
Q

Anthropoids

A

Primates that include humans, monkeys, and apes. Anthropo = human.

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50
Q

Hominidae

A

Humans, orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and great apes. Lack tails.

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51
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish.

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52
Q

Osteo

A

Bone.

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53
Q

Ichthys

A

Fish.

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54
Q

Ossified

A

Bony.

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55
Q

Endo vs. Exoskeleton

A

Inside and outside skeleton, respectively.

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56
Q

Operculum

A

In bony fish, covers gills.

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57
Q

Isinglass

A

Dried swim bladder used in the removal of yeast from beer.

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58
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes.

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59
Q

Actin

A

Ray.

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60
Q

Actinistia

A

Lobe-finned fishes.

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61
Q

Coelacanth

A

Only extant genus within actinistia.

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62
Q

Dipnoi

A

Lungfish.

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63
Q

Pneu

A

Air/breathe.

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64
Q

Tetra

A

Four.

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65
Q

Pod

A

Foot.

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66
Q

Amphi

A

Both.

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67
Q

Bios

A

Life.

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68
Q

Anura

A

Frogs and toads.

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69
Q

An

A

Without.

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70
Q

Uro

A

Tail.

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71
Q

Urodela

A

Salamanders and newts.

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72
Q

Paedogenetic

A

Become reproductively active while in larval form.

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73
Q

Craniata

A

Chordates with a head. Largest animals that ever lived.

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74
Q

Cranium

A

Skull.

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75
Q

Agnathans

A

Jawless craniates.

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76
Q

Gnath

A

Jaw.

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77
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfish. Lack vertebrae.

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78
Q

Myxo

A

Slime.

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79
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Have jaws.

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80
Q

Gnath

A

Jaw.

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81
Q

Stome

A

Mouth.

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82
Q

Origin of Jaws

A

Anterior skeletal rods that used to support phrangeal slits.

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83
Q

Posterior Slits

A

Gill slits.

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84
Q

Condrichthyes

A

Sharks, rays, and chimeras. Cartilagenous fishes.

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85
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Bilaterally symmetrical. Triploblastic. Radial, indeterminate cleavage. Enterocoelous coelom. Blastopore DOES NOT become mouth.

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86
Q

Echinodermata

A

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea lilies, sea cucumbers. Only found in sea.

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87
Q

Echi

A

Spines.

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88
Q

Tube Feet

A

Network of hydraulic canals for echinoderm water vascular system.

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89
Q

Madreporite

A

Special porous ossicle that connects water vascular system of echinoderm to sea water.

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90
Q

Asteroidia

A

Starfish.

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91
Q

Aster

A

Star.

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92
Q

Crinoidea

A

Sea lilies. Stalked and sessile.

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93
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers. Secondarily bilaterally symmetrical. Scattered ossicles.

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94
Q

Dorsal

A

Back. Think “dorsal fin”.

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95
Q

Notochord

A

Flexible rod located dorsally between digestive tube and nerve cord.

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96
Q

Noto

A

Back.

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97
Q

Chord

A

Cord.

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98
Q

Synapomorphies of Chordata

A

NotochordDorsal, hollow nerve cord. Pharyngeal clefts. Post-anal tail.

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99
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates. Mostly sessile. No chevrons. Pharyngeal basket.

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100
Q

Uro

A

Tail.

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101
Q

Paedogenesis

A

Becoming sexually mature in larval form.

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102
Q

Paedo

A

Child.

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103
Q

Cephalo

A

Head.

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104
Q

Cephalochordates

A

Lancelots. Adult has all four synapomorphies. Minimal cephalization, but has muscle blocks.

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105
Q

Lancelots

A

Secondary suspension feeders. Wriggle into sand, suck in water and extract particles using mucous. Mucous then ingested. Water exits through atriopore.

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106
Q

Atriopore

A

Hole through which water exits in suspension feeding of cephalochordata.

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107
Q

Pancrustaecea

A

Phylogeny where crustaceans have hexapods nested inside.

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108
Q

Cephalothorax

A

Merging of head and thorax in arthropods.

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109
Q

Biramous Limbs

A

Two-branched limbs.

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110
Q

Trilobita

A

Wiped out at end-Permian. 3-lobed. 1 pair antennae. 1 pair compound eyes. Many pairs biramous limbs.

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111
Q

Crustacea

A

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp.

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112
Q

Carapace

A

Shield that covers dorsal and lateral sides.

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113
Q

Mandibles

A

For biting/chewing.

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114
Q

Crust

A

Crunchy.

115
Q

Copulation

A

Male places sperm on or in female’s sperm recieving structure.

116
Q

Direct Development

A

Hatchlings look like mini adults.

117
Q

Nauplius Larva

A

Larva of crustaceans.

118
Q

Bycatch

A

Stuff caught that we don’t actually want (we want shrimp).

119
Q

Entognathous

A

Mandibles enclosed by cheeks. Collembola.

120
Q

Ento

A

Inside.

121
Q

Ectognathous

A

Mandibles not enclosed. Insecta.

122
Q

Ecto

A

Outside.

123
Q

Furcula

A

Appendage used by collembola for jumping.

124
Q

Collophore

A

Ventral tube in collembola that produces sticky substance.

125
Q

Collo

A

Glue.

126
Q

Ocelli

A

Single-lensed eyes.

127
Q

Apterygote

A

Insecta without wings.

128
Q

Pterygota

A

Insecta with wings.

129
Q

Ametaboly

A

Arthropod juveniles that look exactly like adults without genetalia.

130
Q

Meta

A

Change.

131
Q

Nymph

A

Term associated with hemimetaboly.

132
Q

Hemi

A

Partial.

133
Q

Hemimetaboly

A

Wings develop slowly over several moults as wing pads.

134
Q

Holometaboly

A

Wings develop all at once at stage called pupa.

135
Q

Pupa and Larva

A

Terms used in holometaboly.

136
Q

Holo

A

Complete.

137
Q

Moulting in Hexapods

A

Shedding of all ectodermally derived cuticle (including foregut, hindgut, and trachae).

138
Q

Entomology

A

Discipline that includes forestry, agriculture, and medicine.

139
Q

Myriapoda

A

Millipedes, centipedes. Less tagmatization.

140
Q

Myria

A

A great many.

141
Q

Diplopoda

A

Millipedes. Detrivores and herbivorous. Two pairs of legs and stigmata per segment. Diplosegments.

142
Q

Diplosegments

A

Fusing of adjacent pairs of segments.

143
Q

Diplo

A

Double.

144
Q

Chilopoda

A

Centipedes. Carnivorous. Poison claws. Cheilos.

145
Q

Cheilos

A

Lip.

146
Q

Xiphosura

A

Horseshoe crabs. Compound eyes, book gills, ingest particles, planktonic larvae.

147
Q

Xiphos

A

Sword.

148
Q

Arachnida

A

Spiders, scorpions, and mites. Fluid feeding predators.

149
Q

Araneae

A

Spiders. 2 segmented chelicerae, have spinnerets.

150
Q

Spinnerets

A

Abdominal appendages for spinning silk.

151
Q

Book Lungs

A

Book gills that have been enfolded by abdomen.

152
Q

Pedipalp

A

Structures on araneae that help male insert sperm into female. Grasping pincers on scorpiones.

153
Q

Scorpiones

A

Scorpions. Segmented, has pincers and stinger.

154
Q

Acari

A

Mites. Looks like ball with legs. Young have 3 legs, then three 8 legged stages, then finally adult. Economically important arachnid.

155
Q

Moult

A

Shedding of cuticle.

156
Q

Cuticle

A

Non-living layer of skin.

157
Q

3 Layers of Cuticle

A

Endocuticle, Exocuticle, Epicuticle. Inside to outside. Sclerotized.

158
Q

Sclerotized

A

Made hard. If shaped like plates, sclerites.

159
Q

Scler

A

Hard.

160
Q

Apolysis

A

Epidermis separating from endocuticle.

161
Q

Apo

A

Away from.

162
Q

Lys

A

Loosening.

163
Q

Ecdysis

A

Moulting of the old exo and epicuticle.

164
Q

Onychophora

A

Velvet worms, soft bodied, segmented, and unjointed legs with claws. Lobopods.

165
Q

Lobopods

A

Claw-tipped limbs in onychophora and tardigrada.

166
Q

Onych

A

Claw.

167
Q

Phor

A

To bear.

168
Q

Haemocoel

A

Open circulatory system. Onychophoran.

169
Q

Haemolymph

A

Fluid in haemocoel system. Onychophoran.

170
Q

Stigmata

A

Openings in side of body for gas exchange in onichophorans. Lead to tracheae.

171
Q

Tracheoles

A

Tracheae terminated into many fine tubes.

172
Q

Dioecious

A

Separate sexes.

173
Q

Hypodermic Insemination

A

Spermatophore placed on female skin, digests into haemocoel, sperm crawls to egg. Onycophorans.

174
Q

Oviparous

A

Lays eggs.

175
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Egg inside mother, but yolk not placenta.

176
Q

Viviparous

A

Placenta.

177
Q

Tardigrada

A

Water bears. Lobopods, move by stepping slowly. No gas exchange system.

178
Q

Tardi

A

Slowly.

179
Q

Grad

A

Stepping.

180
Q

Nematoda

A

Roundworms and threadworms. Pseudocoelomate and Eutelic.

181
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Body cavity, but not completely liend by mesoderm. Nematoda.

182
Q

Eutelic

A

Number of cells does not grow, the size of each cell does. Nematoda.

183
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

Model organism for studying development. Eutelic, nematoda.

184
Q

Arthos

A

Joint.

185
Q

Pod

A

Foot.

186
Q

Arthropod Characteristics

A

Jointed limbs, sclerotized, segmented, cephalized, tagmated.

187
Q

Tagma

A

Specialized segments for specific function.

188
Q

5 Main Groups of Arthropods

A

Trilobita, Chelicerata, Mytiapoda, Crustacea, Hexapoda.

189
Q

Acoela

A

Similar to platyhelminthes, but have no brain and no gut cavity.

190
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms, acoelomate, triploblastic, no circulatory/gas exchange systems. No anus.

191
Q

Platy

A

Flat.

192
Q

Helminth

A

Worm.

193
Q

Turbellaria

A

Free living platyhelminths. Epidermis covered with cilia, pair of ganglia, no anus.

194
Q

Cestoida

A

Platyhelminths, tapeworms. Endoparasitic. Lack digestive system, absorbs nutrients through skin. Scolex modified for holding gut. Proglottids for reproduction.

195
Q

Scolex

A

Mouthpieces of cestoida modified for holding onto host’s gut.

196
Q

Proglottids

A

Chain of units devoted to reproduction.

197
Q

Intermediate and Definitive Host

A

Pig and human. Reproduction happens in definitive host.

198
Q

Echinococcus

A

Dog tapeworms. Have herbivorous mammals as intermediate hosts.

199
Q

Hyatid Cyst

A

Balls of tapeworm larvae.

200
Q

Brach

A

Arm.

201
Q

Brachiopoda

A

Lamp shells. Complete gut with anal opening, suspension feed using two lophophores. Deep waters.

202
Q

Ectoprocta

A

U-shaped gut, anus outside lophophore, colonial, specialized units.

203
Q

Proct

A

Anus.

204
Q

Bryo

A

Moss.

205
Q

Zoa

A

Animal.

206
Q

Annulus

A

Ring.

207
Q

Metamerism

A

Repeated units with similar anatomy. Possessed by annelids.

208
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented, metamerism, eucoelomate, closed circulatory system.

209
Q

Parapodia

A

Almost feet. Polychaeta.

210
Q

Chaetae

A

Bristles.

211
Q

Errant

A

Active, as opposed to sessile.

212
Q

Polychaeta

A

Parapodia, chaetae, cephalization, predatory. Can be predatory, ingest substrate, suspension, or deposit feed. Free spawning (external fertilization).

213
Q

Benthic

A

Living at the bottom of the sea.

214
Q

Polychtaeta Trochophore

A

Larvae are planktonic and live benthic lives.

215
Q

Oligo

A

Few.

216
Q

Oligochaeta

A

Annelids with few chaetae. Terrestrial ones are called earthworms. Copulate, but fertilization is external. Clitellum and coccoon. Direct development.

217
Q

Clitellum

A

Produces coccon with egg inside, which partner fertilizes. External fertilization, oligochaeta.

218
Q

Hirudinea

A

Leeches. Can be terrestrial. Have clitellum, lack chaetae. Some feed on blood, can have anaesthetic and anticoagulant. Medicinal leeches.

219
Q

Hirudo

A

Leech.

220
Q

Mollusca

A

Snails, clams, squids…Shell, mantle, foot, visceral mass, radula, gills, open circulatory system, unsegmented, trochophore.

221
Q

Moll

A

Soft.

222
Q

Mantle

A

Secretes calcerous shell.

223
Q

Muscular Foot

A

Used for locomotion. Mollusca.

224
Q

Visceral Mass

A

Above foot, contains organs, Mollusca.

225
Q

Radula

A

Mouthparts of mollusca.

226
Q

Trochophore

A

Small, free living translucent larvae. Mollusca and annelids.

227
Q

Gastropoda

A

Molluscs like snails. Ones with shells undergo torsion. Terrestrial ones have lungs. Nudibranchs. Use nematocysts for protection.

228
Q

Nudibranchs

A

Sea slugs. Gastropoda.

229
Q

Gastro

A

Stomach.

230
Q

Bivalvia

A

Molluscs without radula. Filter feed. Oysters, clams, scallops. Can be eaten, make pearls, or can be invasive pests.

231
Q

Valve

A

Door.

232
Q

Cephalopoda

A

Octopuses, squids, cuttlefish. Tentacles arranged around mouth, radula modified as beak. No external shell, mantle makes siphon. Direct development, maternal care, intelligent and complex behaviour.

233
Q

Siphon

A

Created from mantle in cephalopoda, used for jet propulsion.

234
Q

Para

A

Beside.

235
Q

Parazoa

A

Lack tissues, consist of porifera and placozoa. Helped develop cell-cell recognition and cells are totipotent.

236
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells that can transform to do many jobs (like stem cells). Parazoa.

237
Q

Placazoa

A

Pancake spongs, only two cells thick.

238
Q

Trichoplax adhaerens

A

Only species in placazoa.

239
Q

Por

A

Pore.

240
Q

Fer

A

To bear.

241
Q

Porifera Morphology

A

Model organisms for early features. Sessile, except for larvae. No tissues or organs. Spicules provide structural support. Spongin also support. Two types of cells- amoebocytes and choanocytes.Mesohyl.

242
Q

Spicules

A

Provide structural support for porifera, can be calcareous or silicious.

243
Q

Spongin

A

Tough collagen-protein network for support in porifera. Used for bath and art purposes.

244
Q

Two Types of Cells in Porifera and Roles.

A

Amoebocytes secrete spicules. Chaonocytes look like choanoflagellum. Flagellum surrounded by microvilli collar.

245
Q

Mesohyl

A

Acellular layer in middle of porifera.

246
Q

Porifera Feeding

A

Suspension feed, food particles phagocytosed.

247
Q

Porifera Reproduction

A

Hermaphroditic. Simultanous or sequential (at the same time, or first one then other, respectively). Zygote retained until ciliated larvae.

248
Q

Ecology and Importance of Porifera

A

Can have symbiotic relationships with larvae in photic zone. Bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. Bath and art from spongin. Glass sponges- delicate and long lived. Can form reefs.

249
Q

Photic Zone

A

Places where sunlight reaches.

250
Q

Radiata

A

Protostomes, belong to eumetazoa, diploblastic, has organs, radially symmetrical.

251
Q

Eumetazoa

A

Animals with true tissues.

252
Q

Cnidaria

A

Jellyfish, hydras, corals. Has mouth but no anus, three body layers and two forms. Tentacles used for play capture with cnidocytes.

253
Q

Gastroderms (Cnidaria)

A

Endoderm that turns into body cavity for cnidaria.

254
Q

Epidermis (Cnidaria)

A

Ectoderm that turns into layer on outside for cnidaria.

255
Q

Mesogloea (Cnidaria)

A

“Middle jely” that is acellular matrix in between gastroderm and epiderm in cnidaria.

256
Q

Two Forms of Cnidaria

A

Polyp- aboral and attached to substrate. Hydra. Medusa- oral and downwards. Jellyfish.

257
Q

Aboral

A

Away from mouth.

258
Q

Ab

A

Away from.

259
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Cnida, most common type of nematocyst. For prey capture or defence.

260
Q

Cnid

A

Nettles

261
Q

Hydrozoa

A

Cnidocytes that show alternation of sexual and asexual form. No medusa form in freshwater species.

262
Q

Scyphozoa

A

Cnidocytes that spend most of life in medusa form, move by contracting network of fibres.

263
Q

Scyph

A

Cup.

264
Q

Cubazoa

A

Cnidocytes that have eyes, and have extremely toxic cnidocytes.

265
Q

Anthozoa

A

Cnidocytes that have no medusa stage (all polyps) that can be individual (sea anenomes) or colonial (corals).

266
Q

Metazoans

A

Another name for animals.

267
Q

Intercellular Junctions in Animals

A

Tight junctions. Desmosomes. Gap junctions.

268
Q

Homeobox Genes

A

Regulatory genes that produce proteins that can turn genes on or off.

269
Q

Hox Genes

A

Control anterior to posterior developmental sequence of embryo.

270
Q

Anisogamy

A

Small, motile sperm and large, nonmotile eggs.

271
Q

Iso

A

Same.

272
Q

Cleavage

A

Cell division.

273
Q

Development of Animals

A

Blastula, gastrulation, then gastrula.

274
Q

Blast

A

Sprout, germinate.

275
Q

Indirect Development

A

intervening stages (larvae) whose morphology is different from sexually mature adult stage.

276
Q

Schizocoely

A

Internal split of mesoderm.

277
Q

Enterocoely

A

Outpocketing of mesoderm.

278
Q

Schiz

A

Split.

279
Q

Entero

A

Gut.

280
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

When most major animal phyla appeared. 542-525 MYA.

281
Q

Ediacaran fauna

A

575-550 MYA. Pillow animals.

282
Q

Precambrian

A

Mistaken Point. 565 MYA.

283
Q

Cambrian

A

542 MYA. “Small shelly fauna”.

284
Q

Burgess Shale

A

First explosion site discovered of Cambrian Explosion.

J - BIO 108 (1 decks)

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