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Biology: Ecology > BIO43 Microbial Mechanism of Pathogenicity > Flashcards

BIO43 Microbial Mechanism of Pathogenicity Flashcards

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1
Q

disease

A

Any deviation from a condition of good

health and well-being

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2
Q

Infectious Disease

A

A disease condition caused by the presence
or growth of infectious microorganisms or
parasites

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3
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a microbe to cause disease
This term is often used to describe or compare
species

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4
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism
This term is often used to describe or compare
strains within a species

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5
Q

Acute infection

A

An infection characterized by sudden onset,
rapid progression, and often with severe
symptoms

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6
Q

Chronic infection

A

An infection characterized by delayed onset

and slow progression

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7
Q

Primary infection

A

An infection that develops in an otherwise

healthy individual

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8
Q

Secondary infection

A

An infection that develops in an individual
who is already infected with a different
pathogen

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9
Q

Localized infection

A

An infection that is restricted to a specific

location or region within the body of the host

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10
Q

Systemic infection

A

An infection that has spread to several

regions or areas in the body of the host

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11
Q

Clinical infection

A

An infection with obvious observable or

detectable symptoms

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12
Q

Subclinical infection

A

An infection with few or no obvious

symptoms

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13
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

An infection caused by microorganisms that are
commonly found in the host’s environment.
This term is often used to refer to infections
caused by organisms in the normal flora.

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14
Q

Bacterimia

A

Presence of infectious bacteria

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15
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of infectious virus

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16
Q

Fungemia

A

Presence of infectious fungus

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17
Q

Septicemia

A

Presence of an infectious agent in the bloodstream

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18
Q

Suffix “-emia”

A

a suffix meaning “presence of an infectious agent”

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19
Q

Suffix “-itis”

A

a suffix meaning “inflammation of”

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20
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

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21
Q

Endocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart chamber

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22
Q

Gastroentritis

A

inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the transmission of disease

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24
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be transmitted from one

individual to another

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25
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one

individual to another

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26
Q

Endemic Disease

A

A disease condition that is normally found in a

certain percentage of a population

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27
Q

Epidemic disease

A

A disease condition present in a greater than

usual percentage of a specific population

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28
Q

Pandemic disease

A

An epidemic affecting a large geographical

area; often on a global scale

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29
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

the source of an infectious agent

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30
Q

Carrier

A

an individual who carries an infectious agent without manifesting symptoms, yet who can transmit the agent to another individual

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31
Q

Fomites

A

any inanimate object capable of being an intermediate in the indirect transmission of an infectious agent

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32
Q

Animal vectors

A

an animal (nonhuman) that can transmit an infectious agent to humans

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33
Q

Two types of animal vectors

A

mechanical and biological

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34
Q

Mechanical animal vectors

A

the infectious agent is physically transmitted by the animal vector, but the agent does not incubate or grow in the animal;
e.g, the transmission of bacteria sticking to the feet of flies

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35
Q

Biological animal vectors

A

The infectious agent must incubate in the animal host as part of the agent’s developmental cycle;
e.g, the transmission of malaria by infected mosquitoes

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36
Q

Direct mechanisms of disease transmission

A

Directly From Person to Person
Examples:
Direct Skin Contact
Airborne (Aerosols)

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37
Q

Indirect mechanisms of disease transmission

A

Examples:
Food & Waterborne Transmission
Fomites
Animal Vectors

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38
Q

bacteremia

A

bacteria circulating in the bloodstream

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39
Q

colonization

A

establishment and growth of a microorganism on a body surface

40
Q

disease

A

noticeable impairment of body function

41
Q

immunocompromised

A

a host with weaknesses or defects in that innate or adaptive defenses

42
Q

inapparent infection

A

infection with no obvious symptoms

43
Q

infectious disease

A

disease caused by an infecting microorganism or virus

44
Q

latent infection

A

infection in which the infectious agent is present but not active

45
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

organisms that cause disease only when introduced into an unusual location or into an immunocompromised host

46
Q

parasite

A

an organism that benefits at the expense of another organism, the host

47
Q

pathogen

A

any disease-causing microorganism or virus

48
Q

primary infection

A

infection in a previously healthy person

49
Q

secondary infection

A

an additional infection that occurs as a result of a primary infection and that occurs during or immediately following the primary infection

50
Q

septicemia

A

acute illness caused by infectious agents or their products circulating in the bloodstream

51
Q

systemic infection

A

widespread infection through blood or lymph

52
Q

toxemia

A

toxin circulating in the bloodstream

53
Q

viremia

A

viruses circulating in the bloodstream

54
Q

virulence determinants

A

attributes of a microorganism or virus that promote pathogenicity

55
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

56
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

57
Q

mucus membrane - portals of entry

A
  1. mucus membrane
  2. skin
  3. parentarel
58
Q

mucus membrane

A

Respiratory Tract
Microbes inhaled into mouth or nose in droplets of moisture or dust particles
Easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry

59
Q

common diseases contracted via the Respiratory tract

A
  • Common cold
  • Flu
  • Tuberculosis
  • Whooping cough
  • Pneumonia
  • Measles
  • Diphtheria
60
Q

mucus membrane gastrointestinal tract

A

microbes gain entrance thru contaminated food & water or fingers & hands
most microbes that enter the G.I. Tract are destroyed by HCL & enzymes of stomach or bile & enzymes of small intestine

61
Q

common diseases contracted via the G.I tract

A 
-Salmonellosis
Salmonella sp.
-Shigellosis
Shigella sp.
-Cholera
Vibrio cholorea
- Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
-Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
62
Q

fecal - oral diseases

A

These pathogens enter the G.I. Tract at one end and exit at the other end.
Spread by contaminated hands & fingers or contaminated food & water
Poor personal hygiene.

63
Q

mucus membrane - conjunctiva

A

mucus membranes that cover the eyeball and lines the eyelid
Trachoma
Chlamydia trachomatis

64
Q

skin - portal of entry

A

When unbroken is an effective barrier for most microorganisms.
Some microbes can gain entrance through openings in the skin: hair follicles and sweat glands, wound …etc

65
Q

skin

A

largest organ of the body

66
Q

parenteral - portal of entry

A 
Microorganisms are deposited into the tissues below the skin or mucus membranes
! Punctures and scratches
! injections
! bites
! surgery
67
Q

preferred portal of entry

A

Just because a pathogen enters your body it does not mean it’s going to cause disease.
! pathogens

68
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae

A

if inhaled can cause pneumonia

if enters the G.I tract, no disease

69
Q

salmonella typhi

A

if enters the G.I. tract can cause typhoid fever

if on skin, no disease

70
Q

LD50

A

Lethal Dose of a microbes toxin that will kill 50% of experimentally inoculated test animal

71
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose required to cause disease in 50% of inoculated test animals
Example: ID50 for Vibrio cholerea 108 cells
(100,000,000 cells)
ID50 for Inhalation Anthrax - 5,000 to 10,000
spores ????

72
Q

how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense?

adherence

A

almost all pathogens have a means to attach to host tissue
Binding Sites
adhesins
ligands

73
Q

how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense? capsules

A 
! Prevent phagocytosis attachment
! Streptococcus pneumoniae
! Klebsiella pneumoniae
! Haemophilus influenzae
! Bacillus anthracis
! Streptococcus mutans
74
Q

how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense? enzymes

A 
Many pathogens secrete enzymes that contribute to their pathogenicity
A. leukocidins 
B. Hemolysins
C. Coagulase 
D. Kinases
E. Hyaluronidase 
F. Collagenase
G. Necrotizing Factor 
H. Lecithinase
75
Q

toxigenicity

A

capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins

76
Q

two types of toxins

A

exotoxins, endotoxins

77
Q

exotoxins

A

secreted outside the bacterial cell are produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism.
they are then released into surrounding medium

78
Q

endotoxins

A

part of the outer cell wall of Gram (-) bacteria
are part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. they are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks part

79
Q

three types of exotoxins

A

cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins

80
Q

cytotoxins

A

kill cells e.g. diphtheria toxin

81
Q

neurotoxins

A

interfere with normal nerve impulses e.g. botulinum toxin

82
Q

enterotoxins

A

effect cells lining the G.I. tract e.g. cholera toxin or choleragen

83
Q

altered exotoxins

A

toxoids

84
Q

toxoids

A

modified toxin by heat, chemical, radiation, that have lost their toxicity. Injected to stimulate the production of antitoxins and provide immunity

85
Q

DPT vaccine, D

A

diphtheria toxoid- corynebacterium diphtheria

86
Q

DPT vaccine, P

A

pertussis antigen-bordetello pertussis

87
Q

DPT vaccine, T

A

tetanus toxoid-clostridium tetani

88
Q

required immunizations in jordan

A
  1. diphtheria
  2. pertussis
  3. tetanus
  4. measles
  5. mumps
  6. rubella *german measles
  7. polio
  8. hepatits
89
Q

diphtheria

A

corynebacterium diphtheriae

90
Q

pertussis

A

bordetello pertussis

91
Q

tetanus

A

clostridium tetani

92
Q

measles

A

measles virus

93
Q

mumps

A

mumps virus

94
Q

rubella *german measles

A

rubella virus

95
Q

polio

A

polio virus

96
Q

hepatitis B

A

hepatitis B virus

Biology: Ecology (2 decks)

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