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Biology: Ecology > BIO43 Microbial Mechanism of Pathogenicity > Flashcards

BIO43 Microbial Mechanism of Pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

Any deviation from a condition of good

health and well-being

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2
Q

Infectious Disease

A

A disease condition caused by the presence
or growth of infectious microorganisms or
parasites

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3
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a microbe to cause disease
This term is often used to describe or compare
species

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4
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism
This term is often used to describe or compare
strains within a species

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5
Q

Acute infection

A

An infection characterized by sudden onset,
rapid progression, and often with severe
symptoms

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6
Q

Chronic infection

A

An infection characterized by delayed onset

and slow progression

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7
Q

Primary infection

A

An infection that develops in an otherwise

healthy individual

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8
Q

Secondary infection

A

An infection that develops in an individual
who is already infected with a different
pathogen

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9
Q

Localized infection

A

An infection that is restricted to a specific

location or region within the body of the host

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10
Q

Systemic infection

A

An infection that has spread to several

regions or areas in the body of the host

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11
Q

Clinical infection

A

An infection with obvious observable or

detectable symptoms

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12
Q

Subclinical infection

A

An infection with few or no obvious

symptoms

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13
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

An infection caused by microorganisms that are
commonly found in the host’s environment.
This term is often used to refer to infections
caused by organisms in the normal flora.

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14
Q

Bacterimia

A

Presence of infectious bacteria

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15
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of infectious virus

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16
Q

Fungemia

A

Presence of infectious fungus

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17
Q

Septicemia

A

Presence of an infectious agent in the bloodstream

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18
Q

Suffix “-emia”

A

a suffix meaning “presence of an infectious agent”

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19
Q

Suffix “-itis”

A

a suffix meaning “inflammation of”

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20
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx

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21
Q

Endocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart chamber

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22
Q

Gastroentritis

A

inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the transmission of disease

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24
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be transmitted from one

individual to another

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25
Noncommunicable disease
A disease that is not transmitted from one | individual to another
26
Endemic Disease
A disease condition that is normally found in a | certain percentage of a population
27
Epidemic disease
A disease condition present in a greater than | usual percentage of a specific population
28
Pandemic disease
An epidemic affecting a large geographical | area; often on a global scale
29
Reservoir of infection
the source of an infectious agent
30
Carrier
an individual who carries an infectious agent without manifesting symptoms, yet who can transmit the agent to another individual
31
Fomites
any inanimate object capable of being an intermediate in the indirect transmission of an infectious agent
32
Animal vectors
an animal (nonhuman) that can transmit an infectious agent to humans
33
Two types of animal vectors
mechanical and biological
34
Mechanical animal vectors
the infectious agent is physically transmitted by the animal vector, but the agent does not incubate or grow in the animal; e.g, the transmission of bacteria sticking to the feet of flies
35
Biological animal vectors
The infectious agent must incubate in the animal host as part of the agent’s developmental cycle; e.g, the transmission of malaria by infected mosquitoes
36
Direct mechanisms of disease transmission
Directly From Person to Person Examples: Direct Skin Contact Airborne (Aerosols)
37
Indirect mechanisms of disease transmission
Examples: Food & Waterborne Transmission Fomites Animal Vectors
38
bacteremia
bacteria circulating in the bloodstream
39
colonization
establishment and growth of a microorganism on a body surface
40
disease
noticeable impairment of body function
41
immunocompromised
a host with weaknesses or defects in that innate or adaptive defenses
42
inapparent infection
infection with no obvious symptoms
43
infectious disease
disease caused by an infecting microorganism or virus
44
latent infection
infection in which the infectious agent is present but not active
45
opportunistic pathogens
organisms that cause disease only when introduced into an unusual location or into an immunocompromised host
46
parasite
an organism that benefits at the expense of another organism, the host
47
pathogen
any disease-causing microorganism or virus
48
primary infection
infection in a previously healthy person
49
secondary infection
an additional infection that occurs as a result of a primary infection and that occurs during or immediately following the primary infection
50
septicemia
acute illness caused by infectious agents or their products circulating in the bloodstream
51
systemic infection
widespread infection through blood or lymph
52
toxemia
toxin circulating in the bloodstream
53
viremia
viruses circulating in the bloodstream
54
virulence determinants
attributes of a microorganism or virus that promote pathogenicity
55
pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
56
virulence
degree of pathogenicity
57
mucus membrane - portals of entry
1. mucus membrane 2. skin 3. parentarel
58
mucus membrane
Respiratory Tract Microbes inhaled into mouth or nose in droplets of moisture or dust particles Easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry
59
common diseases contracted via the Respiratory tract
- Common cold - Flu - Tuberculosis - Whooping cough - Pneumonia - Measles - Diphtheria
60
mucus membrane gastrointestinal tract
microbes gain entrance thru contaminated food & water or fingers & hands most microbes that enter the G.I. Tract are destroyed by HCL & enzymes of stomach or bile & enzymes of small intestine
61
common diseases contracted via the G.I tract
``` -Salmonellosis Salmonella sp. -Shigellosis Shigella sp. -Cholera Vibrio cholorea - Ulcers Helicobacter pylori -Botulism Clostridium botulinum ```
62
fecal - oral diseases
These pathogens enter the G.I. Tract at one end and exit at the other end. Spread by contaminated hands & fingers or contaminated food & water Poor personal hygiene.
63
mucus membrane - conjunctiva
mucus membranes that cover the eyeball and lines the eyelid Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis
64
skin - portal of entry
When unbroken is an effective barrier for most microorganisms. Some microbes can gain entrance through openings in the skin: hair follicles and sweat glands, wound …etc
65
skin
largest organ of the body
66
parenteral - portal of entry
``` Microorganisms are deposited into the tissues below the skin or mucus membranes ! Punctures and scratches ! injections ! bites ! surgery ```
67
preferred portal of entry
Just because a pathogen enters your body it does not mean it’s going to cause disease. ! pathogens
68
streptococcus pneumoniae
if inhaled can cause pneumonia | if enters the G.I tract, no disease
69
salmonella typhi
if enters the G.I. tract can cause typhoid fever | if on skin, no disease
70
LD50
Lethal Dose of a microbes toxin that will kill 50% of experimentally inoculated test animal
71
ID50
infectious dose required to cause disease in 50% of inoculated test animals Example: ID50 for Vibrio cholerea 108 cells (100,000,000 cells) ID50 for Inhalation Anthrax - 5,000 to 10,000 spores ????
72
how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense? | adherence
almost all pathogens have a means to attach to host tissue Binding Sites adhesins ligands
73
how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense? capsules
``` ! Prevent phagocytosis attachment ! Streptococcus pneumoniae ! Klebsiella pneumoniae ! Haemophilus influenzae ! Bacillus anthracis ! Streptococcus mutans ```
74
how do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defense? enzymes
``` Many pathogens secrete enzymes that contribute to their pathogenicity A. leukocidins B. Hemolysins C. Coagulase D. Kinases E. Hyaluronidase F. Collagenase G. Necrotizing Factor H. Lecithinase ```
75
toxigenicity
capacity of microorganisms to produce toxins
76
two types of toxins
exotoxins, endotoxins
77
exotoxins
secreted outside the bacterial cell are produced inside mostly gram-positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. they are then released into surrounding medium
78
endotoxins
part of the outer cell wall of Gram (-) bacteria are part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. they are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks part
79
three types of exotoxins
cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins
80
cytotoxins
kill cells e.g. diphtheria toxin
81
neurotoxins
interfere with normal nerve impulses e.g. botulinum toxin
82
enterotoxins
effect cells lining the G.I. tract e.g. cholera toxin or choleragen
83
altered exotoxins
toxoids
84
toxoids
modified toxin by heat, chemical, radiation, that have lost their toxicity. Injected to stimulate the production of antitoxins and provide immunity
85
DPT vaccine, D
diphtheria toxoid- corynebacterium diphtheria
86
DPT vaccine, P
pertussis antigen-bordetello pertussis
87
DPT vaccine, T
tetanus toxoid-clostridium tetani
88
required immunizations in jordan
1. diphtheria 2. pertussis 3. tetanus 4. measles 5. mumps 6. rubella *german measles 7. polio 8. hepatits
89
diphtheria
corynebacterium diphtheriae
90
pertussis
bordetello pertussis
91
tetanus
clostridium tetani
92
measles
measles virus
93
mumps
mumps virus
94
rubella *german measles
rubella virus
95
polio
polio virus
96
hepatitis B
hepatitis B virus

Biology: Ecology (2 decks)

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