Bio210 Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Question 2

Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy

Answer 2

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

Question 3

Microscopic Anatomy

Answer 3

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Question 4

Cytology

Answer 4

Cells of the body. (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy.)

Question 5

Histology

Answer 5

The study of tissues. (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy.)

Question 6

Developmental Anatomy

Answer 6

Traces structural changes that occur int he body throughout the life span. (change in structure from conception to old age.)

Question 7

Embryology

Answer 7

Study developmental changes that occur before birth. (A subdivision of developmental anatomy.)

Question 8

Physiology

Answer 8

Study of function of the body. (How body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.)

Question 9

Neurophysiology

Answer 9

Explains the working of the nervous system.

Question 10

Renal Physiology

Answer 10

Concerns kidney functions and urine production.

Question 11

Cardiovascular Physiology

Answer 11

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Question 12

Principle of Complementarity

Answer 12

Structure often determines function. Ex. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.

Question 13

Chemical Level

Answer 13

Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

Question 14

Cell

Answer 14

The smallest unit of living things - The living structural and functional unit. Ex. Cardiac muscle made up of many muscle cells.

Question 15

Tissues

Answer 15

Groups of similar cells that have a common function. Ex. cardiac muscle made up of many muscle cells.

Question 16

Four Basic Types in the Human Body

Answer 16

Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.

Question 17

Organ

Answer 17

A discrete structure composed of at least two or more tissue (four is more common) types that performs a specific function for the body. Ex. Heart: cardiac muscle and endothelium lining.

Question 18

Organ Systems

Answer 18

Several organs that work together to perform a function, or to accomplish a common purpose.

Question 19

Organism - Organismal Level

Answer 19

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. Ex. Individual.

Question 20

Movement

Answer 20

Contraction of muscle. Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers.

Question 21

Responsiveness or Excitability

Answer 21

The ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. - Sense changes and respond to the environment. Nervous system, endocrine system (hormones)

Question 22

Metabolism

Answer 22

Broad term for sum of all chemical reactions or activities in the body.

• Catabolic reactions: Break down.
• Anabolic Reactions: Build up.
• Includes: respiration: to generate ATP (body’s energy source) by breaking down nutrients (Cellular respiration). Also refers to gas exchange.

Question 23

Other Processes Associated with Metabolism

Answer 23

a. Ingestion or taking food.
b. Digestion or breaking down food.
c. Excretion or removal of wastes.
d. Growth by building up reactions.
e. Different of unspecialized cells developing into a specialized cells or tissue.

Question 24

Reproduction

Answer 24

• Cellular reproduction: the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.
• Reproduction of the human organism: produce offspring to continue the species through reproductive system.

Question 25

Homeostasis

Answer 25

• The cell’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in face of a changing external environment.
• Maintains a dynamic balance (always changing as compared to static).
• Involves communication chiefly by the nervous system and endocrine system (hormones).

Question 26

This is being responsive and integrates the information to maintain homeostasis by:

Answer 26

1. Control Center: Areas of the brain. (determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.)
2. Receptor: Sensor to monitor the environment and responds to changes.
3. Effector: Organ that responds.