Bio210 Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Microscopic Anatomy
Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Cytology
Cells of the body. (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy.)
Histology
The study of tissues. (Subdivision of microscopic anatomy.)
Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes that occur int he body throughout the life span. (change in structure from conception to old age.)
Embryology
Study developmental changes that occur before birth. (A subdivision of developmental anatomy.)
Physiology
Study of function of the body. (How body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.)
Neurophysiology
Explains the working of the nervous system.
Renal Physiology
Concerns kidney functions and urine production.
Cardiovascular Physiology
Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels.
Principle of Complementarity
Structure often determines function. Ex. Blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.
Chemical Level
Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.
Cell
The smallest unit of living things - The living structural and functional unit. Ex. Cardiac muscle made up of many muscle cells.
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that have a common function. Ex. cardiac muscle made up of many muscle cells.
Four Basic Types in the Human Body
Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
Organ
A discrete structure composed of at least two or more tissue (four is more common) types that performs a specific function for the body. Ex. Heart: cardiac muscle and endothelium lining.
Organ Systems
Several organs that work together to perform a function, or to accomplish a common purpose.
Organism - Organismal Level
Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive. Ex. Individual.
Movement
Contraction of muscle. Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers.
Responsiveness or Excitability
The ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them. - Sense changes and respond to the environment. Nervous system, endocrine system (hormones)
Metabolism
Broad term for sum of all chemical reactions or activities in the body.
- Catabolic reactions: Break down.
- Anabolic Reactions: Build up.
- Includes: respiration: to generate ATP (body’s energy source) by breaking down nutrients (Cellular respiration). Also refers to gas exchange.
Other Processes Associated with Metabolism
a. Ingestion or taking food.
b. Digestion or breaking down food.
c. Excretion or removal of wastes.
d. Growth by building up reactions.
e. Different of unspecialized cells developing into a specialized cells or tissue.
Reproduction
- Cellular reproduction: the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair.
- Reproduction of the human organism: produce offspring to continue the species through reproductive system.
Homeostasis
- The cell’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment in face of a changing external environment.
- Maintains a dynamic balance (always changing as compared to static).
- Involves communication chiefly by the nervous system and endocrine system (hormones).
This is being responsive and integrates the information to maintain homeostasis by:
- Control Center: Areas of the brain. (determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.)
- Receptor: Sensor to monitor the environment and responds to changes.
- Effector: Organ that responds.
