Bio2 Chapt42 Flashcards
Mammals and birds have ——- chambered heart with two —- and two ———
Four chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles
What does the left side of the heart do, what type of blood does it deal with
Left side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen rich blood
What does the right side of the heart do, and what type of blood does it deal with
The right side receives and pumps only oxygen poor blood
Do endotherms or ectotherms require more O2
Endotherms
Endotherms vs Exotherm and examples
Endotherms- regulates thier own body temps- humans
Ectotherms- body temp changes with the environment- fish
Where does oxygen poor blood go first when it gets to the heart and how does it get to the lungs
It gets to the atrium, then to the right ventricle and pumps that blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries
When the blood gets to the lungs, what does it drop off and pick up
The blood picks up oxygen and drops off CO2
Where does the oxygen rich blood from the lungs go to at the heart, and how does it get there
It goes to the left atrium via the pulmonary viens
After the oxygen rich blood gets through the left atrium where does it go
It goes through the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle
How does the Aorta provide blood to the heart- what artery
Through the coronary arteries
How does blood return to the heart
Through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
Where do the superior and inferior vena cava flow into
The right atrium- OXY POOR BLOOD
Why do the two atria have thinner walls
They serve as collection chambers for blood coming back to the heart
Why do the ventricles have thicker walls
To contract forcefully
The heart contracting and relaxing in a rhythmic cycle
Cardiac cycle
What is the contracting or pumping phase of the heart called
Systole
What is the relaxation or filling phase of the heart called
Diastole
Pulse, or number of beats per minute
Heart rate
The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction is
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per min and depends on both the HR and Stroke volume is
Cardiac output
What valve separates each atrium and ventricle
Atrioventricular Valves
What controls blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery from the ventricles, what valve
Semilunar valves
What does backflow of blood through a defective valve cause
A heart murmur
Some cardiac muscle cells are autorythmic, what does that mean
They contract without any signal from the nervous system
What is sinoatrial node
Natural Pacemaker, sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
How can you record impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle
Electrocardiogram
How does the heartbeat signal travel from the SA node to the ventricles
- SA node sends impulses to AV node, gets delayed at the AV and sends signal to Purkinje fibers which causes contraction
What does your sympathetic vs parasympathetic division do to a pacemaker
Sympathetic speeds it up and parasympathetic slows it down
What is a blood vessels cavity called
Central lumen
What is the epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called
Endothelium
How does the lining of blood vessels allow it to flow easily the endothelium is what
The endothelium is smooth
Capillaries are thinner or wider than red blood cells?
Slightly wider
What does the basal lamina of the capillaries do
Facilitate the exchange of materials
What types of tissues and muscles do arteries and viens have
Endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue
Why do arteries have thicker walls than viens
Accommodates the high pressure of blood pumped out of the heart
The pressure on the arteries during ventricular systole, highest pressure in the arteries is
Systolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries during diastole, lower than systolic pressure is
Diastolic pressure
What type of mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure by altering the diameter of the arterioles
Homeostatic mechanisms
What is the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls, it increases blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
The relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles, it causes BP to fall
Vasodilation
What does nitric oxide do to viens
Vasodilation
What does peptide endothelin do to viens
Vasoconstriction
In open circulation what is the concept of blood
There isn’t blood, but a fluid that surrounds all the cells
Why are alveoli susceptible to contamination
They lack cilia
Where is the blood going away from the heart going to end up
Capillaries
Where is blood pressure usually measured
Around an artery in the arm at the same level of the heart
Where in thier muscles can diving mammals store O2
Myoglobin proteins
Where does the lymphatic system drain to
Viens in the neck
Where does the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid occur
Across the endothelial walls of the capillaries
Where does gas exchange of air occur, where in the lungs
End of bronchioles, in the alveoli
Where does blood enter the heart, atrium or ventricle
Atrium
Where do erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets allow develop from
Stem cells in red bone marrow of bones
What are pons for in the brain
Additional modulation of breathing
Where are the breathing control center of the brain found
Medulla oblongata
When lung volume increases what contracts
Diaphragm
What type of lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to cells for membrane production, high or low density
Low density
What type of lipoprotein scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver, high or low density
High density
What type of circulation is where blood leaves the heart and passes through two two capillaries beds and straight back to the heart
Single circulation
What type of circulation do bony fishes, and sharks have, how many chambers in thier heart
Single circulation, two chambered heart
What type of circulation do amphibians, reptiles and mammals have, how many chambers in thier heart
Double, four chamber
What type of blood cells are their the most of
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
What type of blood cells are not only in the circulatory system, but also on the outside
Leukocytes
Why do animals with long necks need a very high systolic pressure
Because the blood needs to travel far up against gravity
What type of animals have the ability to cell exchange materials directly with the surrounding medium
Small organisms with thin body walls like flatworms
What system returns fluid that leads out of capillary beds
Lymphatic system
What secretions coat the surface of the alveoli
Surfactants
What percentage of blood is plasma
55%
What part of plasma influences blood PH and maintains osmotic balance between blood and interstitial fluid
Plasma protein
What lines the epithelium of the air ducks and moves particles up to the pharynx
Cilia and mucus
What is the volume of air inhaled with each breathe called
Tidal volume
What is the process that ventilates the lungs, the alternate of what two things of air
Breathing, alternate of inhaling and exhaling
What is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Partial pressure
What is the partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in relative to air inhaled the alveoli when blood arrives at the lungs
Low partial pressure of oxygen and high of CO2
What is the name of white blood cells and what do they do
Leukocytes, function is defense
What is the max tidal volume called
Vital capacity
What is the function of leukocytes, white blood cells
Phagocytize bacteria and debris, or mount immune response to fight against foreign substance
What is the formation of a solid clot from liquid blood
Coagulation
What is the disease where there is a buildup of fatty deposits or plaque within arteries called
Atherosclerosis
What is the death of nervous tissue in the brain called and what does that usually come from
Stroke, it is usually in result of rupture or blockage of arteries to brain
What is the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries
Heart attack or myocardial infarction
What is the Bohr shift
CO2 from cellular respiration lowers blood ph, reducing the hemoglobins binding for O2
What is high blood pressure called
Hypertension
What is caused by inadequate blood flow to head
Fainting
What is caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph
Swelling called edema
What is caused by abnormal hemoglobin proteins that form aggregates
Sickle cell disease
What is blood in vertebrates is a connective tissue consisting of several kinds of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called the
Plasma
What is an open circulatory system
It’s where circulatory fluid called HEMOLYMPH bathes the organs directly, found in insects
What is an specific example of plasma protein functions
Lipid transport and blood clotting
What is a huge part of the development of atherosclerosis
Cholesterol
What is atherosclerosis
Where arteries get narrow and harden because of plaque
What’s a healthy BP for an adult
120 over 70
What is it called when a blood clot forms within a vessel
Thrombus
What increases with a high LDL to HDL ratio
Risk for heart disease
What in viens makes sure there’s no backflow of blood
One way valves
What hormone stimulates erythrocyte production when O2 deliver is low
Erthroprotien EPO
What has a higher protein conc, interstitial fluid or plasma
Plasma
What happens when inactive fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
Clot forms
What is fibrinogen and fibrin
Fibrinogen is soluble protein that’s found in plasma, fibrin is formed from fibroses when clotting, its an insoluble protein
What happens when CO2 enters red blood cells
CO2 reacts with water, to make carbonic acid and it breaks into bicarbonate
What happens to lymph nodes when your body is fighting infecting
They get swollen and tender
What happens to CO2 in the lungs
Gets diffused out the blood, because of differences of partial pressure
What happens in double circulation
The blood is run through the heart twice, the oxygen poor and rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
What functions in both digestion and distribution of substances throughout the body, central digestive space, found in simple animals
Gastrovascular cavity
What forces, drive fluid movement in and out of the capillaries
The difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure
What part of the capillaries does fluid leave from and enter from
Leaves through the arteriole end and into the venule end
What do red blood cells contain that is an iron containing protein that transports O2
HEMOGLOBIN
What do deep diving mammals do in order to stay under for longer
Stock up on O2 and deplete it slowly
What directs air into the lungs and food into the stomach
Eppiglotis
What diffuses where in the alveoli, in regards to CO2 and O2
CO2 diffuses to the air and O2 diffuses to the blood, oxygenating it
What converges into viens and returns blood from capillaries to the heart
Venules
What connects the fluid that surrounds cells with the organs that exchange gases, absorb nutrients and dispose wastes
The circulatory ssystem
What cleans the respite of systems and allows particles to be swallowed to the esophagus
Mucus escalator
What causes respiratory distress syndrome in preterm babies and how can you treat it
The lack of surfactant on the alveoli, they can give these artificially
What can you give anemia patients, with low red blood cells
Erythropoietins
What can sickles cells do that creates a problem
Rupture or block blood vessels
What branch into arterioles and carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
What are two blood cells suspended in blood plasma
Red and white blood cells
What are three main types of blood vessels
Arteries, veins and capillaries
What connects arteries to viens and is where o2 and nutrients are exchanged between blood and tissues
Capillaries
What are the air sacs at the tip of the bronchioles, where gas exchange happens called
Alveoli
What are red blood cells called and what do they do
Erythrocytes, transport O2
What are proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of O2 blood can carry
Respiratory pigments, like hemoglobin and myoglobin
What are organs that filter lymph and play a roll in the body’s defense system
Lymph nodes
What are monocytes neurophils, basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes
5 major types of leukocytes
Platlets
Fragments of cells involved in blood clotting
What stimulates the production of red blood cells if it detects low levels
HORMONE ERYTHROPOIETIN EPO
What are fluids lost by capillaries
Lymph
What happens in unicellular organisms
Material exchange happens directly with the environment
Three big ingredients of plasma
Water, salt, plasma protein
The medulla regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to
Ph changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
The hemoglobin dissociation curve shows that a small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can results in a
Very large change in delivery of O2
When you swallow, the larynx moves up and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the
Trachea
Swallowing moves the —— upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea
Larynx
Sensors in the —— and —— arteries monitor O2 and CO2 conc in the blood
Aorta and carotid
Plasma contain inorganic salts as dissolved ion called
Electrolytes
Oxygen rich blood delivers oxygen through the ——- circuit
Systemic circuit
Oxygen diffuses through the moist film of the —— and into the
Epithelium and into the capillaries
What are some other ways diving mammals can conserve O2
-changing their buoyancy to glide passively
-decrease blood supply to muscles
-deriving ATP in muscle from fermentation once o2 is depleted
Networks of capillaries that are sites of the chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid are called
Capillary beds
What is the fluid that surrounds your cells, that is a bridge between capillaries and cells
Interstitial fluid
Multicellular organisms exchange with the environment is direct or not, how do they do so
Not direct, they have organ systems that do its like respiratory system and digestive system for example
Mammals ventilate their lungs by pulling air into their lungs called
Negative pressure breathing
What drug inhibits inflammation and reduces the risk of Heart attack and stroke
Asprin
In tissue capillaries, partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 into the —— and CO2 into the ——
O2 into interstitial fluid and CO2 into blood
In reptiles and mammals, where does the oxygen poor blood flow through to pick up O2, what is this circuit called
Pulmonary circuit
In mammals mature erythrocytes dont have
Nuclei nor mitochondria
In major organisms are capillaries usually full of blood or not
Yes
In closed circulatory systems what is the transport fluid called, that open circulation doesn’t have
Blood
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the
Cardiovascular system
How thick is the body wall that encloses the Gastrovascular cavity
Two cells thick
How many molecules of O2 can hemoglobin bind to
4
How is some CO2 transported in the blood
Some CO2 dissolves in plasma to binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
How does hemoglobin help with CO2 transport
It plays a minor role, and helps buffer blood pH
How does blood move through the viens, which muscles and expansion of what
Smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction ,and the expansion of the vena cava within inhalation
How can some CO2 from respiring cells transport in the blood plasma, and when is it reversed
It can bind to hemoglobin or become bicarbonate to travel to the lungs where it gets undone and released
How can small molecules move between cells and thier surroundings
Diffusion
How can diving mammals do things like stay underwater for over 20 min and what is thier ratio high in
Evolutionary adaptation, they have a high blood to body volume ratio
How are arteries and veins different
The direction of blood flow, arteries are away from heart and viens go towards the heart
Gills are an example of specialized exchange system in animals as o2 and co2 do what
O2 diffused from the water into blood vessels directly and CO2 diffuses out of blood into water directly
Gases undergo net diffusion from a region of ——- partial pressure to a region of —— partial pressure
Higher to lower
Gas exchange supplies —— for cellular respiration and disposes of ——
Supplies o2 and disposes of co2
What does a fluid filled circulatory system allow animals to do with the environment
Allows animals to have cell exchange materials with the enviroment
Exchange of materials occurs at the cellular level by crossing the
Plasma membrane
Does double circulation or single maintain higher blood pressure in the organs
Double circulation
Does gravity have an affect on BP
Yes
Closed circulatory system has blood in —— and is separate from ——
Vessels and is separate from interstitial fluid
What is chest pain caused by partial blockage of the coronary arteries
Angina pectoris
CO2 diffuses from the ———- across the ——— and into the air space
Capillaries across the epithelium into the air space
Can most blood proteins pass through the endothelium
No, they are too big
Blood is pumped out of the heart via the
Ventricle
Blood flows through only ——% of the bodies capillaries at any given time
5-10%
Anthropoids and many mollusks have what with copper as the oxygen binding component to transport O2
HEMOCYANIN
Are you exhale, the leftover air that stays in the lungs is called
Residual volume
Are the pharynx, larynx and trachea where does the air go
Bronchi to bronchioles to the alveoli
A circulatory includes what three things
-circulatory fluid
-set of inter connecting vessels
-muscular pump, like the heart
