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Cellbio 2017 > Bio112-2017-1-4 > Flashcards

Bio112-2017-1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

5 Functional groups

A 
Hydroxyl
Methyl
Amino
Carboxyl
Phosphate
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2
Q

Hydroxyl molecular function

Occurs in?

A

OH

SUGAR
ALCOHOLS

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3
Q

Methyl MF

occurs in?

A

Ch3

Fats
Oils
Steroids
Amino acids

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4
Q

Amino MF

Occurs in?

A

Nh2

Amino acids
Protiens

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5
Q

Carboxyl MF

occurs in?

A

COOH

amino acids
Proteins
Sugars

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6
Q

Phosphate MF

Occurs in?

A

H2po4

Nucleic acid
ATP

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7
Q

Isomer

A

molecules with the same formula but different stuctures

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8
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

deals with large carbon based molecules

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9
Q

Enzymes can preform 3 different chemical reactions

What are they?

A

Lysis Reactions- breaking things apart
Synthesis Reactions- add things together
Replacement Reactions- trade things

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10
Q

Enzyme Reactions that break things apart?

A

Lysis Reactions

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11
Q

Enzyme Reactions that add things together?

A

Synthesis Reactions

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12
Q

Enzyme Reactions that trade things?

A

Replacement Reactions

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13
Q

All chemical reactions in the body are called?

They are catalyzed by enzymes.

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

Speed up and manage chemical reactions? normally ends in -ase.

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

This helps the reaction to occur but is not part of the reaction..

A

Catalyst

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16
Q

What are the 2 classes of metabolism?

A

cata

ana

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17
Q

What class of metabolism builds things up/adds together?
Adds/ consumes energy?
Uses dehydration synthesis?

A

Anabolism

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18
Q

What class of metabolism breaks things apart?
releases energy?
Uses hydrolysis?

A

Catabolism

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19
Q

4 bonds
Single, double or triple bonded
Corner, angle or end represents this atom

A

Carbon

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20
Q

Chains of this atom make up the backbone of molecules

A

Carbon

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21
Q

Combinations of these 2 atoms form the bulk of macromolecule structures.

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

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22
Q

4 Classes of macromolecules

A

carbs
lipids
protein
Nucleic acid

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23
Q

Cyclic forms of what monomer can can be linked together to make di and poly saccharides?

A

monosaccarides

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24
Q

Mono/di saccarides are used for what?

A

energy carriers

building blocks for larger molecules

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25
Q

Mono/di saccarides are used for what?

A

energy carriers

building blocks for larger molecules

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26
Q

Polysaccardies are used for what?

A

short term energy storage

structural support

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27
Q

Carbohydrate monomer?

A

Monosaccaride

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28
Q

Fatty Acid Polymer?

A

Lipid

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29
Q

Nucleic Acid monomer?

A

Nucleotide

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30
Q

Amino Acid Monomer?

A

Protien

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31
Q

Carbohydrate R-group?

A

Hydroxyl—OH

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32
Q

Lipid R-group?

A

Carboxyl—COOH

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33
Q

Lipid R-group?

A

Carboxyl—COOH

mostly hydrophobic

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34
Q

Protien R-group?

A

Amino—NH2

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35
Q

Ribose, Fructose, Glucose, Lactose, and Sucrose are all examples of?

A

Simple sugars

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36
Q

Main energy storage for plants?

A

Starch

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37
Q

Main energy storage molecule for animals and fungi?

A

Glycogen

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38
Q

STRUCTURAL support for plants? (wood)

A

Cellulose

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39
Q

Structural support for fungi, some animals and bacteria?

A

Chitin

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40
Q

These are 3 forms of what macromolecule?
Triacyglycerol
phospholipids
Steroids/Cyclic

A

Lipids

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41
Q

Form of Lipid that uses fats and oils for energy storage

-is made of 3 fatty acids w/ a glycerol

A

Triacyglycerol

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42
Q

Form of Lipid that makes up membranes

-has 2 fatty acid tails

A

Phospholipid

43
Q

Form of Lipid used for communication

  • Can be modified to build ring structures
  • are built out of 4 ring fatty acid structure
A

Steroid/Cyclic Lipid

44
Q

______ is released by a cell to communicate with another cell.

A

Hormones

45
Q

Long molecules that help carry the genetic information a cell needs to live.

A

Nucleic Acid

46
Q

2 classes of Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA

RNA

47
Q

What are the 3 components of Nucleic acids?

A

Phosphate group
sugar
Nitrogenous base

48
Q

Cytosine
Thymine
(Uracil-RNA)
These are classified as?

A

Pyrimidines

49
Q

Adenine
Guanine
These are classified as?

A

Purines

50
Q

Individual nucleotide are used for?

A

Building nucleic acid
energy carriers (ATP)
Signaling the Molecules (CMP)

51
Q

Individual nucleotide are used for?

A

Building nucleic acid
energy carriers (ATP)
Signaling the Molecules (CMP)

52
Q

What are the 8 uses of protiens?

A 
Communication
enzymes
storage of amino acids
movement
defense
transport
structural support
chemical receptors
53
Q

What are the 2 types of amino acids?

A

essential-we eat them

non essencial- produced in body

54
Q

What are the 3 classes of Amino acids?

A

polar
non polar
charged

55
Q

list 5 structures of amino acid?

A

central carbon
r group
amino group
carboxyl group

56
Q

what are the 3 lengths of amino acids called?

A

oligopeptide-1-50
polypeptide-30 or more
protein- final project(polypeptide chain)

57
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

when 2 atoms share electrons

58
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A
  • when 2 atoms share an electron but they are not distributed evenly
  • created partial charges
59
Q

what is a non polar covalent bond?

A

when 2 atoms share an electron and the electrons are distrusted evenly.

60
Q

What are Ionic Bonds?

A

When an atom steals an electron from another atom.

-creates salt

61
Q

What is an hydrogen bond?

A

is a weak bond that occurs between molecules that are elctronegetive
-the positive side of hydrogen bonds to the negative side of O or N.

62
Q

What is vader wahal reactions?

A

the phenomenon that happens when atoms are close together. Think geckos.

63
Q

What are the 4 levels of Protein structure?

A

Primary- list of amino acids
secondary- beta sheath or double helix ( hydrogen bonding creates shape/motif)
Tertiary-R groups bond together to define over all shape.
Quaternary-many polypeptides bond together.

64
Q

when there is unfolding of proteins it is called?

A

denature

65
Q

what is denature?

A

when putting a protein back together(after denature)

66
Q

How nucleic acids code for the information build proteins is?

A

Central Dogma

67
Q

define emergent property.

A

found in complex systems
- when some thing by itself is nothing but when many come together it is something.
example is a protest= power in numbers

68
Q

where is energy held?

A

electrons

69
Q

How do you classify an atom?

A

by its atomic number/ number of protons

70
Q

Isotopes are

A

when the number of Neutrons changes.

  • always relates to neutrons
  • changes atomic mass
71
Q

Atomic # and symbol of hydrogen?

A

H

1

72
Q

Atomic # and Symbol of Carbon?

A

C

6

73
Q

Atomic # and Symbol of Nitrogen

A

N

7

74
Q

Atomic # and Symbol of Oxygen

A

O

8

75
Q

A bond between atoms that build molecules is

A

INTRA molecular

76
Q

A bond that occurs between molecules is

A

INTER molecular

77
Q

How do 2 nucleotide attach?

A
  • phophodiester bonds

- attaches to the 3’prime carbon

78
Q

a positive or negatively charged molecule

A

ion

79
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

80
Q

What 3 domains is life organized into?

A

Domain Bacteria- pro
Domain Archaea- pro

Domain Eukayota-Euk

81
Q 
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animilia
are all examples what domains kingdom?
A

Eukarya

82
Q

What 2 factors determine efficiency of movement?

A

surface area plus volume

83
Q

Which type of cell:

  • DO NOT have well defined internal organization
  • do not form tissue
  • use asexual reproduction
  • small
A

Prokaryotes

84
Q

Which type of cell:

  • have defined internal organization
  • can be unicellular or cellular
  • different life cycles–asexual/sexual
  • small or large
A

Eukaryotes

85
Q
  • skin of cell
  • PHOSPHOLIPID BI-LAYER
  • semi-permeable barrier
  • controls what goes in and out of cell
  • surface of chemical reactions
A

cell (plasma) membrane

86
Q

semi-fluid gel–intercellualar fluid (in cell)

  • mostly water
  • dissolves chemicals and molecules in cell
A

Cytosol

87
Q
  • network of protein fibers
  • surrounds the cell
  • anchored to cell by protiens
A

Cytoskeleton

88
Q
  • ENVOLOPE surrounding cell

- protection and structural stability

A

cell wall

89
Q

3 types of extensions of cells to help with movement and absorption?

A

flagella
cilia
microvilla

90
Q

long swimming tails, supported my microtubules?

A

flagella

91
Q

shirt swimming tails, supported by microtubules

A

cillia

92
Q

finger-like projections from the cell membrane, helps increase surface area?

A

microvilla

93
Q

The cytoskeleton is made up of 3 types of fibers

A

microtubule
microfilament
intermediate filament

94
Q

network of protein fibers that help provide

  • structural support
  • mobility
  • organization
A

cytoskeleton

95
Q

ridged support of the cell, railroad for moving things made of tubulin

A

microtubule

96
Q

contraction, movement of cell, made of actin

A

microfilament

97
Q

flexible support of the cell

A

intermediate filament

98
Q

dna is ________ in to rna

A

transcribed

99
Q

rna is _________ into polypeptide/protein

A

translated

100
Q

large non-membranous organelles

  • made of rna and proteins
  • act as enzymes
A

ribosomes

101
Q
  • USE CELL MEMBRANES TO ORGANIZE THEMSELVES
  • more than one chromosome
  • have circular dna in special organelles
  • genetic material contained in the NUCLEOUS

WHAT CELL AM I?

A

EUKARYOTIC

102
Q
  • do not use membranes
  • genetic material is free floating in plasmids (small looped dna)
  • ONE chromosome
A

prokaryotic

103
Q

contains genetic material, regulates passages of rna and nucliotides

A

nuclear envolope

Cellbio 2017 (2 decks)

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