BIO108 (Chemicals Signals in Animals) Flashcards by Alyeska Largo

What is Gensan Physiology?

The study of the physiological functions of cells, tissues, and organs in the context of genomics.

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True or False: Gensan Physiology focuses on the relationship between genes and physiological functions.

True

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What does Gensan Physiology aim to understand?

How genetic information influences the function of cells, tissues, and organs.

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Fill in the blank: Gensan Physiology is the study of physiological functions in the context of ________.

genomics

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What is the primary focus of Gensan Physiology?

Exploring how genetic variations impact physiological processes.

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What tools are commonly used in Gensan Physiology research?

Genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and functional genomics.

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True or False: Gensan Physiology plays a crucial role in personalized medicine.

True

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How does Gensan Physiology contribute to drug development?

By identifying genetic targets for therapeutic interventions.

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What is the significance of Gensan Physiology in disease research?

It helps in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and developing targeted treatments.

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What are some key applications of Gensan Physiology?

Precision medicine, pharmacogenomics, and disease biomarker discovery.

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Which of the following is NOT a type of intercellular communication in animals?
a) Endocrine signaling
b) Neuroendocrine signaling
c) Paracrine signaling
d) Autocrine signaling
e) Exocrine signaling

e) Exocrine signaling

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Which type of signaling involves secreted molecules diffusing locally and triggering a response in neighboring cells?
a) Endocrine signaling
b) Neuroendocrine signaling
c) Paracrine signaling
d) Autocrine signaling
e) Synaptic signaling

c) Paracrine signaling

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Which of the following is NOT a class of secreted signaling molecules?
a) Local regulators
b) Neurotransmitters
c) Neurohormones
d) Pheromones
e) Antibodies

e) Antibodies

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Which of the following is an example of a local regulator that acts as a neurotransmitter, antibacterial agent, and vasodilator?
a) Growth factors
b) Cytokines
c) Nitric oxide (NO)
d) Prostaglandins (PGs)
e) Epinephrine

c) Nitric oxide (NO)

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c) Nitric oxide (NO)

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Which of the following hormones is responsible for increasing water permeability in the kidney’s collecting ducts and causing vasoconstriction?
a) Insulin
b) Oxytocin
c) Epinephrine
d) ADH (vasopressin)
e) Testosterone

d) ADH (vasopressin)

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lipid-soluble hormones?
a) They are secreted by exocytosis.
b) They travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins.
c) They diffuse across cell membranes.
d) They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells.
e) They can have a long half-life.

e) They can have a long half-life.

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Which of the following is an example of a hormone that binds to cell-surface receptors and triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes?
a) Insulin
b) Cortisol
c) Estrogen
d) Epinephrine
e) Testosterone

d) Epinephrine

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Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing hormone concentrations in the blood?
a) Rate of hormone secretion into the blood
b) Rate of removal of the hormone from the blood
c) Binding of the hormone to target cells
d) Excretion of the hormone by the liver and kidneys
e) The amount of food consumed

e) The amount of food consumed

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Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop?
a) Increased blood sugar levels stimulate the release of insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.
b) Labor contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin, which intensifies contractions.
c) A drop in blood pressure stimulates the release of epinephrine, which raises blood pressure.
d) The presence of a fetus in the uterus stimulates the release of estrogen, which prepares the uterus for childbirth.
e) None of the above

a) Increased blood sugar levels stimulate the release of insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.

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Which of the following is NOT a major class of hormones?
a) Polypeptides
b) Steroids
c) Amines
d) Carbohydrates
e) All of the above are major classes of hormones

d) Carbohydrates

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Which of the following is an example of a neurotransmitter?
a) Insulin
b) Acetylcholine (ACh)
c) Cortisol
d) Estrogen
e) Testosterone

b) Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Which of the following is an example of a pheromone?
a) Insulin
b) Acetylcholine (ACh)
c) ADH (vasopressin)
d) Estrogen
e) A chemical signal released by an ant to mark a trail to food

e) A chemical signal released by an ant to mark a trail to food

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Which of the following is an example of a hormone that regulates growth and development?
a) Insulin
b) Growth hormone
c) Cortisol
d) Estrogen
e) Testosterone

b) Growth hormone

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Which of the following is an example of a hormone that controls the function of various tissues? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Testosterone

c) Thyroid hormone

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that supports reproductive functions? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Testosterone

d) Estrogen

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that regulates metabolism? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Insulin

e) Insulin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is water-soluble? a) Insulin b) Cortisol c) Estrogen d) Testosterone e) Insulin

b) Cortisol

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that binds to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells? a) Insulin b) Cortisol c) Estrogen d) Testosterone e) Both Cortisol and Testosterone

b) Cortisol

Which of the following is NOT a type of local regulator? a) Growth factors b) Cytokines c) Nitric oxide (NO) d) Prostaglandins (PGs) e) Antibodies

e) Antibodies

Which of the following is an example of a paracrine signal? a) Growth factors stimulating cell proliferation in nearby cells b) Insulin lowering blood sugar levels c) ADH (vasopressin) increasing water permeability in the kidney d) Estrogen stimulating the development of female secondary sex characteristics e) Testosterone stimulating the development of male secondary sex characteristics

a) Growth factors stimulating cell proliferation in nearby cells

Which of the following is an example of an autocrine signal? a) Growth factors stimulating cell proliferation in nearby cells b) Insulin lowering blood sugar levels c) ADH (vasopressin) increasing water permeability in the kidney d) Nitric oxide (NO) dilating blood vessels in the same cell that secreted it e) Estrogen stimulating the development of female secondary sex characteristics

d) Nitric oxide (NO) dilating blood vessels in the same cell that secreted it

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen

a.) Insulin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Testosterone

c) Thyroid hormone

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal glands? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Cortisol e) Testosterone

d) Cortisol

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted by the ovaries? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Testosterone

d) Estrogen

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is secreted by the testes? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Estrogen e) Testosterone

e) Testosterone

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the fight-or-flight response? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Epinephrine e) Testosterone

d) Epinephrine

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Testosterone

d) Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of blood glucose levels? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Testosterone

a) Insulin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of water balance? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) ADH (vasopressin)

e) ADH (vasopressin)

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of milk production? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Prolactin

e) Prolactin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of uterine contractions during childbirth? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormon e) Oxytocin

e) Oxytocin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Melatonin

e) Melatonin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of mood? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Serotonin

e) Serotonin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of appetite? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Leptin

e) Leptin

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of sexual development? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Testosterone and Estrogen

e) Testosterone and Estrogen

Which of the following is an example of a hormone that is involved in the regulation of red blood cell production? a) Insulin b) Growth hormone c) Thyroid hormone d) Parathyroid hormone e) Erythropoietin

e) Erythropoietin

A neuron releases a chemical signal that diffuses across a synapse and binds to a receptor on a muscle cell, causing it to contract.

Synaptic/Neuronal Signaling

A hormone secreted by the pancreas travels through the bloodstream and regulates blood sugar levels throughout the body.

Endocrine Signaling

A cell releases a signaling molecule that binds to receptors on its own surface, triggering a response within the cell.

Autocrine Signaling

Match each signaling molecule with its correct type. Signaling Molecules: - Insulin - Acetylcholine - ADH (vasopressin) - Pheromone used by ants to mark trails Types: - Hormone - Neurotransmitter - Neurohormone - Pheromone

• Insulin: Hormone • Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter • ADH (vasopressin): Neurohormone • Pheromone used by ants to mark trails: Pheromone

True or False: Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of target cells.

False (Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside the target cell)

True or False: Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors on the surface of target cells.

False (Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors inside the target cell)

True or False: Negative feedback loops amplify a response to a stimulus.

False (Negative feedback loops reduce the initial stimulus)

True or False: Pheromones are used for communication between individuals of the same species.

True

______ signaling involves secreted molecules diffusing locally and triggering a response in neighboring cells.

Paracrine

______ signaling involves secreted molecules diffusing locally and triggering a response in neighboring cells.

Paracrine

______ are chemical signals released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species.

Pheromones

The ______ system is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

Endocrine

What are the three key events involved in signaling by hormones?

Rception Signal transduction Response.

Describe two ways that hormones can have different effects on target cells.

Hormones can have different effects on target cells because they may have different receptors for the hormone, different signal transduction pathways, or different proteins for carrying out the response.

Explain the difference between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones.

Water-soluble hormones are hydrophilic and travel freely in the bloodstream, binding to cell-surface receptors. Lipid-soluble hormones are hydrophobic, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse across cell membranes to bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells.