Bio100 final

Question 1

population

Answer 1

a group of the same species in an area

Question 2

community

Answer 2

different species in an area

Question 3

ecosystem

Answer 3

interactions between living (biotic) and non living (abiotic, soil, temp, precipitation) in an area

Question 4

biosphere

Answer 4

parts of the earth occupied by living organisms

Question 5

Population density

Answer 5

how many people in an area (lots= high density)

Question 6

population dispersal patterns

Answer 6

uniform: territorial organisms, resources are evenly distributed random: depending on scale, no pattern clumped: clumped resources, social interactions

Question 7

how do you get zero population growth

Answer 7

of birth and # of death rates are equal

Question 8

what factors limit population size

Answer 8

• # of women that can reproduce
• resources
• density dependent factors
• density independent factors

Question 9

growth patterns: exponential

Answer 9

unlimited resources, high birth rate

Question 10

growth patterns: logistic

Answer 10

limited resources. variable K is the carrying capacity, # of species that can live in an area

Question 11

growth patterns: boom and bust cycles

Answer 11

exponential growth and then crash of a population

Question 12

density dependent factors affection population size

Answer 12

conditions whose growth limiting effects increase as population grows (food, space, water, spread of disease)

Question 13

density independent factors affecting population size

Answer 13

factors that apply pressure that are unrelated to population density (natural disasters, disease entering an area)

Question 14

K-selected species vs. R-selected species (characteristics)

Answer 14

K- selected: fewer offspring influenced by density dependent factors, logistical growth pattern
- slow development
- low reproductive rates
- constant population size
R-selected: "rate" high birth rate 
- rapid development
- high reproductive rate

Question 15

Human population trends

Answer 15

demographic transition, more developed country, population skyrockets, birthrate decreases

Question 16

relationships among organisms

Answer 16

mutualistic: host and visitor benefit commensalism: host is unaffected, visitor benefits predation: prey or predator effect the other’s population - mimicry: act like their prey, predator avoidance parasitism: host is harmed, visitor benefits - endo: lives inside host - ecto: attaches on the outside of the host competition: when two or more species compete for the same limited resource (water/food) - niche: all the resources a species exploits for its survival, growth and reproduction - competitive exclusion: one winner, only one species can live there - resource partitioning: both species can survive (niche partitioning), increases diversity

Question 17

which 3 relationships among organisms are symbiotic

Answer 17

mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism

Question 18

Successional stages in communities: primary vs. secondary stages

Answer 18

primary: “virgin” land, unoccupied by plants, occurs from volcanos and glaciers melting, no soil. pioneer community grows first, don’t require lots of soil, lichen releases acidic waste secondary: plant community destroyed by a disaster, time for plants to recolonize

Question 19

energy flow through a food chain vs. a food web

Answer 19

food chain: producers (plants), primary consumers (snails, plant predators), secondary consumers (fish), tertiary consumers (sharks), 10% of energy transferred between trophic levels Food web: energy flows from producers and so on

Question 20

Keystone species

Answer 20

a species whose removal dramatically affects all the other organisms in that community

Question 21

Water Cycle

Answer 21

evaporation, precipitation, infiltration/runoff, plants/animals, nutrients, transpiration: water into atmosphere from plants - water on earth: salt water 97.5%, fresh 2.5%

Question 22

what is desertification and how does it happen

Answer 22

land becomes desert -water loss is greater than replacement - climate variations - deforestation - urbanization and agriculture - diversion of freshwater sources

Question 23

Biomes: temperature, precipitation, species

Answer 23

Biomes: major ecosystem types that occupy different geographical areas and have distinct climates, plant and animal species temperature: depends on the distance from the sun precipitation: wind currents, dry air vs. wet air in 60 degrees north and south, we are at 30 degrees so we have cool winters and hot summers, further towards the poles have mild summers and below freezing winters

Question 24

rain shadow effect

Answer 24

dry area on the downside of a mountain. moisture from the ocean loses moisture when trying to go over a mountain range causing precipitation on that side

Question 25

freshwater aquatic biomes: oligotrophic vs. eutrophic lakes

Answer 25

oligotrophic: low biodiversity, clear water, low nutrients, normal oxygen level
eutrophic: increase in nutrients, erosion and increase in chemical release (fertilizers), increase in producers, more food, more diversity, increase in competition which leads to increase death and decrease in oxygen which results in a dead lake

Question 26

aquatic biomes: estuaries

Answer 26

fresh meets ocean, oil and agriculture

Question 27

List of factors leading to biodiversity

Answer 27

• deforestation - desertification - invasive species - overexploitation - fishery collapse

Question 28

factors leading to biodiversity: deforestation

Answer 28

habitat loss from the making of buildings and land used for farming

Question 29

factors leading to biodiversity: invasive species

Answer 29

a non-native species that spreads widely from its original introduction point - carry disease into an area - eat native species - outcompete natives for natural resources - have few predators in new area

Question 30

factors leading to biodiversity: overexploitation

Answer 30

harvesting of renewable resources to the point of diminishing return

Question 31

factors leading to biodiversity: fishery collapse

Answer 31

a large decline in fish population due to overfishing - bycatch: organisms caught unintentionally when fishing for other species

Question 32

atmosphere levels

Answer 32

troposphere: where we live ozone: absorbs UV radiation stratosphere: above the ozone, part of the ozone

Question 33

air pollution types

Answer 33

primary pollutants: emitted directly from a process secondary pollutants: formed when primary pollutants react with each other or other compounds in the atmosphere

Question 34

ground level ozone

Answer 34

from paints or car exhaust mixed with nitrogen and sunlight, causes respiratory irritating/asthma

Question 35

greenhouse effect

Answer 35

increase in surface temperature cause by heat, trapping gases in atmosphere (water vapor)

Question 36

global warming

Answer 36

human activity putting off heat and releasing heat trapping gases (methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen vapor) making the troposphere very warm