bio year 10 Flashcards
What dose PMAT stand for
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telopahse
what is DNA?
DNA is the complex chemical that carries genetic information. DNA is found in chromosomes which are found in the nucleus of most cells.
what are chromosomes?
A long strand of DNA containing genes.
what are genes?
Genes are sections of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
what are 4 things about mitosis?
creates body cells, PMAT X1, creates 2 daughter cells, creates identical daughter cells.
what are 4 things about meiosis?
creates sex cells, PMAT X2, creates 4 daughter cells, non identical daughter cells.
what is similar between mitosis and meiosis?
cell devision occurs in both, interphase happens before, PMAT is a shared process.
what is hetrozygous?
2 different alleles Aa
what is homozygous
2 of the same allele AA
what is heterozygous dominant?
they have to carry the dominant gene meaning they are a carrier Aa
what are genotypes?
genetic makeup of an individual
what are phenotypes?
physical characters of a organism.
what is a males chromosomes and what do they carry the allele on?
XY and only on the X no allele on the Y
what is a females chromosome and what do they carry the allele on?
XX and on both XX
what is a mutation?
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
what can cause mutations
Mutations can occur due to mistakes when our bodies are copping DNA or because of environmental factors.
what is a bad mutation
cancer
are mutations always bad?
Most mutations don’t make any difference to the organism, second to that mutations are harmful, and rarely mutations can actually be beneficial (if a good mutation is accumulated in a population, then this is called evolution).
what are the base pairs
A-T
C-G
how many chromosomes dose a sex cell have
23
how does fertilization relate to meiosis
DNA from the mother and father is joined together by fertilization
why is cell division important?
Allows organisms to grow, repair damage, new cells can only be made when pre-existing ones divide, and to reproduce
why is cancer a bad mutation?
cancer cells lose the ability to know when to start and stop different parts of a cell cycle(mitosis)
how does fertilization work?
to reproduce we need sex cells that can fuse together during fertilisation. an egg cell from a female needs to fuse with a sex cell from a male. se cells should have half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell. sex cells are produced in meiosis.
what is DNA
DNA is the complex chemical that carries genetic information. DNA is found in chromosomes which are found in the nucleus of most cells.
3 things about meiosis and mitosis?
cell devision occurs in both, interphase happens before, PMAT is a shared process.
how do you calculate genotypes?
by doing a punnet square and then writing down the letters from the boxes down.
how do you calculate phenotypes?
do a punnet square and then calculate the % of each genotype. (one square is 25%)
how do you do a pedigree?
write the affected alleles (aa) always in little letters. then work out the marriage of the first couple and their genotypes then work down with their genotypes by doing a punnet square if needed.
