bio week 1 quiz - Flashcards
Ablation
Removing or destroying a portion of neural tissue or brain region without killing the animal
Single Cell Technique
1950s
Electrode is inserted inside brain, adjacent to cell, and records electrical activity
Learn about functioning of one neuron at a time
Electroencephalogram
Records electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp to record extracellular current flow of neurons
Epilepsy, sleep disorders, delirium
Also shows electrical slowing
(EEG) Ex CFON
Event-Related Potential
Records electrical activity by using an EEG and stimuli (auditory, visual, somatosensory, or cognitive
Strengths:
Non-Avasive, Inexpensive
Draw Backs:
No localization, shows were the electrical activity is strongest during task
(ERP)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Static brain-imaging technique that measures brain tissue density
Beam of photons passes through the head and portions of the brain absorb the beam
Effective for significant brain conditions brain tumor, skull fracture
SBIT
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Utilizes magnetic resonance to obtain highly detailed images of the brain
Response of hydrogen to magnet creates images (called slices) that distinguish different body tissues Slices are combined to create 3-D, high-resolution images
Strengths:
Safe to Repeat
High-resolution images
Shows deep brain structures
Volumetric analysis Gray vs. white matter difference
3-D provides multiple viewpoints
Drawbacks:
(no metal, pace maker etc.)
Patient experience
Narrow cylinder
Can last 20 to 45 minutes
Have to remain very still
Sound
Diffuse Tensor Imaging
Maps white matter fiber tracts of the brain by measuring diffusion of brain tissues
Brain is 80% water
DTI measures speed of water in white matter of brain to identify existing tracts
Speed is not consistent in white matter
(DTI)
MWMFT of the B by MD of BT
MS of W in WM of B to IET
S is not C in WM
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
Based on same physics and principles as MRI
Detects specific neurochemicals in certain regions of the brain
Provides information regarding neuronal damage through examination of cellular integrity and function
Not utilized in clinical capacity
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography
EBA by PSI of CBF
USID that has a RITP into the N of B
TRHEPE that are M by S
BS in SAAB WMAD
Utilizes CT technology
Examine brain activity by providing scanned images of cerebral blood flow -
Use a special injectable drug that has a radioactive ingredient (radioactive tracer) that passes into the neurons of the brain
Tracer releases high-energy photo emissions that are measured by SPECT detector
Brain structures in subcortical areas appear bright; white matter appears dark
(SPECT)
Positron Emission Tomography
Utilizes CT technology to examine: Regional blood flow - Blood volume - Oxygen use
Examines glucose metabolism using a radioactive tracer that enters neurons and emits positrons, colliding with electrons within tissue
Can be used during a cognitive test
(PET)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fundamental physics of MRI, but goal is to measure changes of oxygen level in brain tissue to map neuroanatomical activation patterns associated with different cognitive patterns
(FMRI)
Magnetoencephalography
Uses EEG T to EAIEC of N in B
CGMG over S of B
MEG AFI of the SL of CA
A for CADP
IAEADST to ACD
Uses EEG technology to examine all intracellular electrical currents of neurons in the brain
Currents generate magnetic currents over surface of brain MEG allows for the identification of the specific location of cell activity
Allows for cognitive activity during the procedure Identifies abnormal electrical activity during specific tasks to assist clarifying diagnosis
(MEG)
Phineas Gage
- Mid-19th century – Phineas was a responsible, hard-working foreman - 43 inch-long tamping iron penetrated the front part of his skull and exited the back of his head - Change in personality and behavior - Now irresponsible, socially inappropriate, unable to work again - No changes in intelligence, memory, motor skills, or speech - Conclusion drawn: The frontal lobe plays a role in social functioning, personality, and decision making
Mr. Tan
- Pierre Paul Broca – French physician and neurosurgeon studying localization - Examined Mr. Lebourgne, 21 year-old male losing his speech Could only say “Tan” - Not losing comprehension of speech (Wernicke’s area) - Autopsy revealed lesion in left frontal lobe that would become Broca’s area -Expressive aphasia
H. M.
- Surgery to remove the hippocampus to alleviate debilitating seizures - Result: severe anterograde amnesia – inability to form new memories and inability to recall 11 years before the surgery (retrograde amnesia) - Still able to learn a motor task - Near the end of his life, able to recall some of the researchers’ names
