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Psychology Unit 2 > Bio Unit > Flashcards

Bio Unit Flashcards

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1
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls glands and the muscles of internal organs. It’s sympathetic division arouses it’s parasympathetic division calms

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2
Q

Cebtral Nervous System

A

The CNS is the main control center of the body—it takes in sensory information, organizes and synthesizes this input, then provides instructions for motor output to the rest of the body. The CNS is made up of the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord.

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3
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Efferent Neurons (also known as efferent nerve fibers) are conducting cells that carry information from the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to muscles and organs throughout the body. These neurons carry electrical impulses that tell organs and muscles what to do. To move your arm efferent neurons would carry the electrical impulse from your brain, throughout the spinal cord and to your arm where muscles receive the information to move. The opposite of efferent neurons are afferent neurons which carry impulses from receptors in muscles, organs, and glands to the central nervous system.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Efferent%20Neurons#ixzz3lApBQF4u

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4
Q

EEG

A

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity by sweeping across the brains surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

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5
Q

Genotype

A

The total set of genes contained within an organisms cells. Organisms contain some genes that are expressed (you can consider the “expressed” to mean that the gene is active or being used) and some that are not. Regardless, all the genes an organism has are considered the genotype.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Genotype#ixzz3lAq8n9aE

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6
Q

Lesioning

A

Tissue distruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

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7
Q

MRI

A

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain activity

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8
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

The parasympathetic nervous system (abbreviated PN to avoid confusion with the peripheral nervous system (PNS)) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the sympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body’s unconscious actions.

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9
Q

PET

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

The parasympathetic nervous system (abbreviated PN to avoid confusion with the peripheral nervous system (PNS)) is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other being the sympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating the body’s unconscious actions.

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12
Q

Somatic Brain System

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Split brain surgery

A

A condition that results from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

The divison of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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15
Q

Resting potential

A

Resting potential refers to the polarization of cellular fluid within a neuron that provides the potential to produce an action. Let’s use a sports example - in baseball, the batter standing at home plate waiting for the pitcher to throw the ball may be standing still (appears to be in a resting state), but is actually prepared to respond to the pitch. You might say the batter has resting potential to swing the bat.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Resting%20Potential#ixzz3lIts1nVR

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16
Q

Action potential

A

A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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17
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

refractory period is a “resting period” after orgasm during which another orgasm is not possible. In men, the refractory period can last from a few minutes to more than a day. Conversely, women have very short refractory periods which make it possible for them to have multiple orgasms (lucky women :).

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Refractory%20Period#ixzz3lIuQovGE

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18
Q

All or none law

A

The All-or-None Law states that the physical reaction of a nerve or muscle to an outside stimulus will be the same regardless of the comparative strength of the stimulus; there’s either a complete response or no response at all.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=All-or-None%20Law#ixzz3lIuegFIt

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19
Q

Reuptake

A

A neurotransmitter reabsorbtion by the sending neuron

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20
Q

Refractory

A

A refractory period is a “resting period” after orgasm during which another orgasm is not possible. In men, the refractory period can last from a few minutes to more than a day. Conversely, women have very short refractory periods which make it possible for them to have multiple orgasms (lucky women :).

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Refractory%20Period#ixzz3lIvNoMeb

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21
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

Postsynaptic potentials are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials, and should not be confused with action potentials although their function is to initiate or inhibit action potentials.

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22
Q

Agonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a reciptor site, stimulates a response

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23
Q

Antagonist

A

A molecule that by binding to a reciptor site inhibits or blocks a response

24
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

The endocrine system most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

25
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

26
Q

Gonads

A

Glands that make sex hormones and reproductive cells-testes in the male, ovaries in the female

27
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

28
Q

Soma

A

The Soma is cell body of a neuron and contains the nucleus of the cell. The soma doesn’t play an active role in transmitting neural signals, but it keeps the cell functioning and holds the cell’s DNA.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Soma#ixzz3lIyOtsCI

29
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron bushy branching extension that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell of the body

30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Nodes of ranvier are small spaces or gaps between the myelin sheath (the fatty substance that coats the axon). The myelin sheath coats some neurons and speeds information through the neuron. The way the mylen sheath helps speed the neural impulse is by making it possible for the impulse to jump from node to node as opposed to traveling down th

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Nodes%20of%20Ranvier#ixzz3lIz3dS00

31
Q

Axon

A

The nueron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscular glands

32
Q

Mylin Sheath

A

A fatty tissue layer segment ally encasing the axons of some nuerons; enables vastly greater transformation speed as bureau impulses hop from one nod to the other

33
Q

Terminal branches

A

An Axon Terminal is the very end of a branch of a nerve’s axon, a long slender nerve fiber that conducts electrical signals to a nerve synapse (the gap between nerve cells). The signal then moves across the synapse to another axon by means of a neurotransmitter (an electrochemical substance).

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Axon%20Terminal#ixzz3lJ04adCC

34
Q

Right and left hemispheres

A

According to the theory of left-brain or right-brain dominance, each side of the brain controls different types of thinking. Additionally, people are said to prefer one type of thinking over the other. For example, a person who is “left-brained” is often said to be more logical, analytical, and objective. A person who is “right-brained” is said to be more intuitive, thoughtful, and subjective.

35
Q

Frontal

A

A region of the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain (lying just behind the forehead) that is necessary for motor control and more complex, high-end functioning like speech, decision making, and judgments.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Frontal%20Lobes#ixzz3lJ1AQGQ8

36
Q

Parietal lobe

A

The area in the brain which plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature. The parietal lobe would inform you the temperature of a hard boiled egg and would allow you to pick up that egg with just enough pressure to hold it and not crush it.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Parietal%20Lobe#ixzz3lJ1TDb4q

37
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The brain can be divided into four main areas, one of which is the occipital lobe, which is the area of the brain located at the rear of the head. The occipital lobe is responsible for sight.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Occipital%20Lobe#ixzz3lJ1raqRL

38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex. The primary auditory cortex receives sensory information from the ears and secondary areas process the information into meaningful units such as speech and words.

39
Q

Sensory cortex

A

The sensory cortex is an umbrella term that encompasses all the senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. Although many different sections in the brain are responsible for each particular sense, such as the occipital lobe for visual acuity, the sensory cortex is a blanket term used to refer to all of the senses.

Read more: http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Sensory%20Cortex#ixzz3lJ3bUvhO

40
Q

Motor cortex

A

An area at the rear of the frontals lobes that controls voluntary movements

41
Q

Thalamus

A

The brains sensory control center located on the top of the brainstem, it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintainable activities helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward

43
Q

Amygalda

A

Two Lima sized bean neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center located in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage

45
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The large band of the neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

46
Q

Brainstem

A

The oldest part and central core of the brain beggining where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

47
Q

Reticular formation

A

A nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thamalus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

48
Q

Medulla

A

The base of the brainstem controls heart and breathing

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

The “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem functions include processing sensory input coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

50
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the body’s ultimate control and information processing center

51
Q

Pons

A

Also called pons Varolii. a band of nerve fibers in the brain connecting the lobes of the midbrain, medulla, and cerebrum. any tissue connecting two parts of a body organ or structure.

52
Q

Broca’s area

A

Controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe usually In the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

53
Q

Wernickes area

A

Controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression using the left temporal lobe

54
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron Nero transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

55
Q

Synapses

A

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the Dendrid or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft

56
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

Neurons that carry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Psychology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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