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Science 1206 > Bio Unit > Flashcards

Bio Unit Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Paradigm

&paradigm shift

A

Paradigm-
The way human view the world/the way we think about something

Paradigm shift- a race and significant change in the way humans view the world/how they view a certain thing(ex a change in our paradigm)

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2
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of organisms and the physical environments that they live in

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3
Q

Habitat

A

The ecological or environmental area where an organism lives

It is made of abiotic and biotic factors

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4
Q

What are the abiotic factors that affect living in an ecosystem

A 
The non living factors hat affect life in an ecosystem 
Includes 
-space
-temperature
-oxygen
-light 
Water
-inorganic and organic nutrients
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5
Q

Biotic factors

A

The living factors that affect life in an ecosystem

Includes
Decomposing animals
Disease 
Predator
Competition
Symbiosis
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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship between different species of organisms that have a close connection
- at least one organism benefits

The relationships include
Mutalism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Parasitoidism
Predator-prey
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7
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit
Ex polyp &hermit carb
Pollination
Egyptian plover and croc

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8
Q

Commensalism

A

One organism benefits, one organism neither benefits nor is harmed
Ex. Beavers and fish
Trees and nesting birds
Clownfish and anemone

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism, a parasite, benefits while another, the host, is harmed

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10
Q

Parasitoidism

A

One organism benefits while it slowly kills the host

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11
Q

Predator-prey symbiotic relationship

A

One organism benefits by quickly killing its host

Ex lion and zebra

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12
Q

Trophic structure

A

Trophic structure describes feeding relationships in an ecosystem
The types of feeders: producers-consumers-decomposers

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13
Q

Producers

A 
Aka autotrophs("self feeders)
Organisms can produce their own food using photosynthesis
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14
Q

Consumers and the types of consumers

A

Aka heterotrophs
Organisms that CANNOT produce their own food so they feed on OTHER organisms
1. Herbivore( plant eater
2. Carnivore( eats other consumers,can be either a predator or a scavenger)
3. Omnivore(eats plants and animals)

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15
Q

Describes the categories of consumers

A 
1.Primary
First order consumers
-feed on producers
-considered the second tropic level(first trophy=the plant)
2. Secondary consumers
-aka second order consumers
-feed on primary consumers
- considered the third trophic level
 3. Tertiary
- aka third order consumers 
- feeds on secondary consumers
-considered the fourth trophic level
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16
Q

Decomposers

A

Aka detritivores or saprobes

-organisms that get their nutrients by breaking down detritus( which is decaying plants or animals)

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17
Q

Food chain

A

A diagram that defines one single chain of feeding relationships
Starts with producers and connects with arrows up to the top
Carnivore

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18
Q

Food web

A

A diagram that shows all the possible food chains in an ecosystem

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19
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

A diagram that shows the passage of energy through a food chain
- energy is measured in joules
Producers always have the most energy(bottom level)
-top carnivores always have the least energy(top level)

  • about 10% of total energy is passed on from in trophic level to the next90% is lost
    Due to life processes such as respiration-body temp control-growth-digestion-reproduction-waste
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20
Q

Population

A

Members of the same species

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21
Q

Community

A

All the populations of different species in the same ecosystem or habitat

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22
Q

Ecotone

A

The border between two different ecosystem
Ex. Area between lake and forest
- forest & bog
-ocean and river

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23
Q

Biodiversity

A

Refers to the number of species in an ecosystem and the variety within those species
Higher biodiversity means that the ecosystem is more stable in the long term

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24
Q

Microecosystem

A

A very small ecosystem

-ex an ecosystem in a decaying fallen long or in a puddle of water

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25
Q

Albedo effect

A 
The measure of the amount of sunlight that is reflected by an object 
Expressed as a decimal value or percent 
Light objects have a high albedo
Dark coloured objects have a low albedo 
Greenhouse gases have a low albedo
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26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A biochemical process
Produces the Suns energy, carbon dioxide and water
They produce sugar and oxygen
Oxygen is needed by consumers
Sugars are used for energy for ALL LIFE on earth

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27
Q

Cellular respiration

A

A biochemical process
Consumers release the energy stored in the a sugar
Consumers use sugar and oxygen
They produce carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Cellular respiration is the opposite and complementary reaction to photosynthesis

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28
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy changes
(Chemical energy to heat or light)
(It has two 1.laws that energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred from one form to another
2. During energy transfers, some energy is lost as heat energy is not passed on)

29
Q

Pyramid of biomass

&

Pyramid of numbers

A

Pyramid of biomass- biomass is the mass of an organism without water
The pyramid shows the total biomass of all organisms @ each trophic level
Pyramid of numbers-shows the total number of all organisms at each trophic level(not always shaped like pyramids)

30
Q

Keystone species

A

A species that is so important to ecosystem stability that if that species is declined the ecosystem might collapse

31
Q

Ecological niche

A 
An organisms niche is the role
It plays 
-includes everything an organism does to survive and reproduce such as 
Feeding relationships
Habitat 
Breeding grounds/behaviours
Activist times 
Competitive relationships
32
Q

Ecology

A

The study of the interrelationships between organisms and between those organisms and their environment

33
Q

What are six abiotic factors that affect sustainability

A 
Space
Temperature 
Oxygen
Light 
Water 
Inorganic or Organic soil nutrients
34
Q

What are 5 biotic factors that affect sustainability?

A 
Decomposing animals
Disease 
Predator(prey)
Competition
Symbiosis
35
Q

Competition

A

In nature there is sometimes competition for niches when two or more organisms have similar requirements for space,food, and or water -survival of the fittest usually prevails
Two main types of competition

36
Q

List and describe the two main types of competition

A

Intraspecific competition
Between members of the same species ex. Bears

Interspecific competition
Between members of different species
Ex.lion and hyena, fish and other species

37
Q

Exotic species

A

These are non-native species that are not natural parts of ecosystems
-interspecific competition with native species in the area

Ex ‘moose in Nl in 1904
Green crab in Atlantic Canada
Zebra Mussels

38
Q

List the two major factors(& there like subfactors) of why forests change over time

A

Human disturbances

  • logging
  • clearing land(ex farming,cabins,roads)
  • pollution(ex acid rain, air pollution,garbage)
  • global warming(changes in weather and climate)
  • ozone depletion(more sun exposure)

Natural disturbances

  • natural climate change
  • species extinction
  • volcanic activity
  • floats
  • forest fires
39
Q

Short term stresses

A

Ecosystem changes that occur for a short period of time

Ex sudden changes, water shortages,floods, sudden but limited human impacts

40
Q

Long term changes

A

Ecosystem changes that permanently alter an organisms habitat
Global warming, exotic species, habitat destruction, acid rain

41
Q

Seasonal changes

A

Short term changes that occur from year to year
Ex. Leaves changing colour
Animals also change colour(rabbits)

42
Q

Forest succession

A

A long term change(unlike short seasonal changes)with succession, a significant disturber ion permanently alters the forest ecosystem, and life comes back to an area over time
Two stages to the process
1. Pioneer species
2. Climax community

43
Q

Pioneering plants

A
  • The first organisms to reoccurs an area which has been disrupted
  • They require a lot of light and generally are short lived
  • these pioneers provide nutrients and new habitats for other organisms
44
Q

Climax community

A

After
Undergoing a series of succession over time, the climax community is former
-they are slow growing and long lived
-it is the final, stable, complex sustainable community of dominant organisms of an area
It is the last stage of succession

45
Q

What are the two types of succession

A
  1. Primary succession
    This type begins in an area where there is no soil or previous life
    (Ex lava field, after a glacier, sand dune, after an earthquake)
    -could take 390 years to reach climax community
46
Q

Secondary succession

A

This type occurs in an area that has been cleared of vegetation,but still has soil at the start

  • clear cut-insect damage-overblowing by animals
  • could take up to 75 years to reach climax community
47
Q

Factors that affect ecological succession

A 
1. Climate
Temperature,precipitation,sunlight
2.soil type
Moisture, texture,salinity, nutrients
3.geography
Latitude,altitude,water proximity,topography
48
Q

Pests

A

An organisms is considered a pest if

  • humans believe it to be undesirable(gross)
  • it has a negative impact on the human environment
  • it is in competition with a human use for a resource
49
Q

What are pesticides and the four types

A 
Pesticides are chemicals used to kill various pests
There are four types
Insecticide-kills insects
Herbicide-kills plants
Fungicide-kills mould/fungi
Bactericide-kills bacteria
50
Q

Describe the two generations of pesticide

A

First generation
-origin: natural
Ex arsenic,lead,mercury,nicotine

Second generation
Origin: human made/synthetic
Ex DDT and penicillin

51
Q

Explain how pesticides have changed over time

A

Older pesticides were fat soluble
When eaten, these pesticides attached to fat cells
- they permanently remain in the organism

Newer pesticides are water soluble
When eaten they do not accumulate in fat cells
These can be flushed out of an organisms system

52
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Aka bioamplification or biomagnification

-occurs in food chains when fat soluble pesticides build up in the fat cells of higher level consumers

53
Q

What is DDT (dichorodiphenyltrichloromethane)

And what were the negative effects of it

A

-second generation pesticide
- a fat soluble insecticide to control insects that
Feed in agricultural crops
Damage forests(ex spruce budworm)
Carry diseases ( ex malaria)
DDT was very effective
But had serious negative effects
- egg shell thinning in too carnivores such as the Bald Eagle(this meant high rates of chick morality)
-it takes about 15 years for DDT to break down in the environment

54
Q

What are the alternatives for pesticide control

A

Ban DDT and other fat soluble pesticides(no banned in Canada but some countries still use it)

  • use water soluble pesticides
  • use sustainable alternatives to pesticides
Integrated pest management
AKA IPM
-a sustainable approach to managing lest that involves
-prevention
-avoidance 
-monitoring
-suppression
55
Q

What are the main types of IPM(integrated pest management)

A 
1 chemical confirm 
-Uses chemicals to control insects
- highly effective 
Disadvantages
-Bioaccumulation 
-not target specific 
-not 100% effective ( some pests not killed)
-could lead to pesticide resistance

Biological control
-uses natural ecological relationships to control pests
-they are more target specific
Disadvantages
Expensive
Short term effectiveness (takes a long time)
Organisms simply move to another area
Biological control methods natural predators,disease organisms, competitors, pheromones)

56
Q

What are the biological methods

A

1.Natural predators
-use a natural predator to wipe out a species
ex. Shrews and spruce sawfly
Lady bug larvae and wood aphids
Parasitic wasp and spruce budworms

  1. Disease organisms
    - introduce a disease into a population
    ex hemlock looper and BT bacteria
  2. Competitors
    -bring in another organism to out complete
    Ex zebra mussel out completes pearly mussel
  3. Pheromones
    These are chemical perfumes produced by males and females to attract mates
    We use these to attract pests and then sterilize them or trap them
57
Q

What is pesticide resistance

A

Some pests are naturally immune to pesticides

After the non immune pests are killed off the immune pests reproduce a new generation that all pesticides resistant

58
Q

What are biochemical cycles?

&I what is a biochemists?

A

-cycles that recycle material through living organisms and the physical environment

Biochemist= a scientist who studies how life works at a chemical level
-they have found that living organisms are made of some of the same elements that are found in the air,water and soil
note the four elements that make up the majority of living tissue are oxygen,carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen)

59
Q

tell about the processes that are required for elements to be constantly recycled between organisms and the environment( biological processes and geological processes)

A

biological process

  • respiration
  • photosynthesis
  • decomposition
  • assimilation
  • excretion

Geological processes

  • fossilization
  • erosion
  • combustion/burning
  • weathering
  • sedimentation
60
Q

the carbon cycle

A

the recycling of carbon through the atmosphere,and the physical environment and ecosystems
-carbon is the backbone for all life on earth(aka we are carbon based life forms)
-carbon moves through living organisms due to photosynthesis and cellular respiration
-

61
Q

what are the two types of carbon stored in the nonliving physical enviroment

A

1.organic reservoirs
carbon that has been stored from the decomposition of living organisms
-process takes millions of years
-ex.detritus trapped under: peat will form coal ,oceans form oil and natural gas

  1. inorganic reservoirs include:
    - air-0.03% of air is carbon
    - oceans-both dissolved (CO2 gas) and in shells ( CaCO3-calcium carbonate)
    - Land- in sedimentary rocks ,which may be released from volcanoes
62
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

the recycling/movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, the physical environment and ecosystems
-nitrogen is used to make DNA and proteins
-most nitrogen on earth is found in the air(79%)
atmospheric nitrogen is in the form of N2 and is unusable to most living organisms
plants and animals cannot use N2 gas
we can use nitrogen in two forms NH3(ammonia) and NO3(nitrates)
the key nitrogen cycle processes are nitrogen fixation(air to soil) and denitification

63
Q

what are the two types of processes that are key in the nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation/ nitrification
-N2 gas is converted to a usable form by lightning or nitrogen fixing bacteria( which are found in root nodules of legumes such as Alfalfa and Clover)

Detrification
-denitrifying bacteria convert usable forms of nitrogen back into gaseous nitrogen,N2.
These bacteria are found in soil

64
Q

global warming

A

humans have disrupted the carbon cycle by
burning fossil fuels which has increase levels of CO2
deforestation which has decreased O2 and increase CO2
the increase in CO2 levels has led to an enhanced greenhouse effect

65
Q

what are greenhouse gases and the three main types

A

-they are gases that can hold heat in the atmosphere,they keep earth warm(greenhouse effect = good ,but enhanced greenhouse effect = bad)

3 main gases are
-carbon dioxide-CO2
(sources = cellular respiration,and combustion/burning)
- methane-CH4
( sources fossil fuel combustion,decomposition,livestock)
-nitrous oxides NOx
(sources combustion,agriculture fertilizers,industrial emissions)

66
Q

possible effects of global warming

A
  • increased spread of diseases
  • rising sea levels
  • loss of polar ice caps
  • loss of freshwater sources
  • more extreme weather
  • more species extinction
  • ice gone by2019
67
Q

how have humans impacted the nitrogen cycle?

A

by releasing fertilizers and untreated human sewage into Aquatic ecosystems
these fertilizers,and untreated sewage contain nitrates and phosphates,these chemicals leach into water ways through groundwater,road runoff etc
lakes with high levels of phosphates and nitrates can undergo eutrophication

68
Q

what is aquatic eutrophication

A

is the transformation from an oligtrophic lake to an eutraphic lake

69
Q

what are the differences between an oligotrophic lake and an eutrophic lake

A

Oligotrophic lake

  • low levels of nitrates & phosphates
  • low numbers of microorganisms
  • High diversity and numbers of fish
  • clear,deep,cold
  • High d.O2
  • not prone to Algal Blooms

Eutrophic lake

  • high levels of nitrates and phosphates
  • high numbers of mircoorganisms
  • low diversity and numbers of fish
  • turbid,shallow ,warm
  • low d.O2
  • high rates of Algal blooms

Science 1206 (5 decks)

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