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unit 2 bio - cells > bio unit 2 cells > Flashcards

bio unit 2 cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why are cells important

A
  • all organisms are made of cells
  • cells are the simplest collection of matter that can live
  • some organisms are only a single cell
  • cell structure is correlated to cellular function
  • all cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
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2
Q

characteristics of life

A
  • composed of a common set of chemical components and contain genetic info
  • convert molecules obtained from environment into biochemical molecules
    -extract energy from environment to do biological work
    -regulate internal environment
  • replicate genetic info when reproducing
    -share sequence similarities among a fundamental set of genes
    -evolve through gradual changes in genetic info
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3
Q

prokaryotic cell

A
  • only in bacteria and archaea
    -no true nucleus/nuclear envelope
    -genetic material in nucleotide region
  • no organelles
    have cell membrane and cell wall
    -heterotrophic, phototrophic, and chemotrophic
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4
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

-protists, fungi, plantar, animal is
- true membrane-bound nucleus
- genetic material in nucleus
-many organelles

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5
Q

basic features of all cells

A
  • plasma membrane
  • semi fluid substance called cytoskeleton
  • chromosomes
    ribosomes
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6
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid belayer, selectively permeable barrier involved in communication and binding

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

interior of the cell, including organelles

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8
Q

chromosomes function

A

carry genes

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9
Q

archaea

A

single-called, similar to bacteria, live in extreme conditions

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10
Q

ribosomes function

A

make proteins

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11
Q

surface area affect on cell

A

determines the amount of substances that can enter it from outside and amount of waste that can exit from inside

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12
Q

how does volume affect cell

A

determines amount of metabolic activity a cell carries out over a unit of time

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13
Q

ideal surface to volume ratio

A

must be large so to allow lots of materials to pass through plasma membrane
—more surface area, less volume

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14
Q

why should volume be small

A

-large volume requires more food in and produces more waste to get out
-diffusion only works well across short distances
-nucleus can’t handle too much info and shorts out if cell too large

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15
Q

multicellular organisms

A

composed of many small cells rather than a few large ones

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16
Q

cell shape

A
  • tend to be spherical due to cohesion and surface tension —> strongest structural shape
  • if it isn’t spherical, cell needs internal/external support to maintain shape
    -may take on unique shapes for surface area needs
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17
Q

eukaryotic cell example

A

plant and animal cells

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18
Q

nucleus

A

enclosed by nuclear membrane
- contains most genes that control cell
-dna organized into chromosomes
- nuclear laminate = protein filaments that give structure to inner nuclear membrane

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19
Q

how does nucleus direct protein synthesis

A

by synthesizing mRNA according to instructions from DNA
- mRNA leaves nucleus to cytoplasm where ribosome translate it to polypeptide protein

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20
Q

nucleolus

A

found within nucleus
makes ribosomal RNA for ribosome synthesis

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21
Q

ribosome location

A

free - in cytosol
bound - on ER (endoplasmic reticulum) make proteins that will be embedded in membrane

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22
Q

what are ribosomes made up of

A

rna and proteins

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23
Q

endomembrane system function

A

-synthesis of protein
-transport of proteins
-metabolism of lipids
-detox of poisons

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24
Q

endomembrane system

A

-golgi app
-transport vesicle
-nuclear envelope
-rough er
-smooth reply
-vacuole
-lysosome
-plasma membrane

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25
Q

endoplasmic reticulum - rough er

A

manufactures membranes
- rough ER which has ribosomes makes proteins for secretion and tags chemically for delivery
- membrane production secretory proteins leave ER in transport vesicles (pouches)

26
Q

endoplasmic reticulum - smooth er

A

no ribosomes
- made of tubules
- syntehsis of lipids, steroids
-carbohydrate metabolism
-modify small molecules taken in by cell
-detox
-store calcium ions

27
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • modifies products of er
    -sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
    -cis face = receiving
    -trans face - exporting
28
Q

lysosomes

A

sacs containing hydrolysis enzymes
- digestive compartments
breaks large polymers down to monomers

29
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A

fail to digest internal components and build up

30
Q

vacuoles

A

-larger versions of vesicles
-membrane bound sacs with varied functions
-food vacuole
-contractile vacuole
-central vacuole

31
Q

mitochondria

A

in nearly all eukaryotes
- smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae which form intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
- some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in mitochondrial matrix
contain dna
double membrane

32
Q

chloroplasts

A

only in eukaryotic photosynthetic cells
-double membranes
makes sugar through photosynthesis
plastid

33
Q

thylakoids

A

place of energy conversion in chloroplasts

34
Q

peroxisomes

A

specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
- produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it tp water
rid body of toxins
self-replicating

35
Q

cell wall of plant

A

made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins
multiple layers : primary thin wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall
plasmodesmata = channells between adjacent plant cells

36
Q

cell wall of plant

A

made of cellulose fibers embedded in polysaccharides and proteins
multiple layers : primary thin wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall
plasmodesmata = channells between adjacent plant cells

37
Q

extracellular matrix

A

animals lack cell wall but have this
made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules

38
Q

selective permeability

A

-hydrophobic, no polar, small, lipid molecules easily pass through membrane because this is similar to phospholipid belayer

39
Q

can ions pass phospholipid bilayer

A

no, charged so it will repel them from phospholipid tails

40
Q

passive transport

A

-requires no energy
-occurs due to natural concentration gradient
molecules move from high to low concentration
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

41
Q

diffusion

A

movement of small molecules across membrane from high to low conc
-each substance diffuses along its own gradient
diffuses until it reaches equilibrium

42
Q

osmosis

A

facilitated dissuasion of water across membrane
- diffuses from lower solute conc. to higher solute conc. —> to dissolve

43
Q

aquaporins

A

integral channel proteins allow water to move quickly across membrane - facilitated diffusion

44
Q

why does water need aquaporin

A

water is polar molecule with charged regions
-difficult to move through hydrophobic region

45
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
- hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

46
Q

isotonic solution

A

same solute conc on outside and inside of plasma membrane

47
Q

hypertonic solution

A

high solute conc. outside cell

48
Q

hypotonic

A

low solute conc. outside cell

49
Q

hypertonic solutions issue

A

since more solut molecules outside the cell, less water inside, more water sucked outside.
plant and animal cells shrink and may die

50
Q

danger of hypotonic solutions

A

could cause some animal cells to burst

51
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion with help of transport protein
-channel and carrier proteins
- carrier proteins have subtle shape changes

52
Q

active transport

A

-requires energy —> generally ATP
pump molecules against concentration gradient
protein always involved (carrier)

53
Q

secondary transport

A

uses energy from electrochemical gradient to pump protons

  • proton pump : hydrogen ions pump from low to high conc.
    -create electrochemical gradient
    -creating potential energy by creating difference in voltage across the membrane
  • ion moves due to conc. gradient and also attraction to negative side of membrane
54
Q

co-transport

A

use proton pump powered by atp
pump hydrogen to side with high conc. of them
creates positive and negative charge
in picking up a hydrogen, it will also take another molecule
ion helping another ion move across

55
Q

carrier protein opening inside

A

carrier proteins have an area in it that has a high affinity for the ions
ions bind to protein’s attractive areas
once max amount of ions attach to the carrier protein, ATP comes along and phosphorolate protein turning into ADP
when the phosphorus attaches to protein, the protein over goes a conformational change that makes it open towards outside of a cell.
affinity is lost and ions are expelled.

56
Q

exocytosis

A

excretion of large particles
vesicle binds to the plasma membrane releasing the contents outside the cell

57
Q

endocytosis

A

ingestion of large particles
vesicle created from the invagination of the plasma membrane, which pinches off, bringing large molecules into the cell

58
Q

pinocytosis

A

-endocytosis
-cell drinking smaller engulfing of fluids

59
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating
endocytosis of whole cells\forms vesicle that fuses with lysosome for digestion

60
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

ligant bounds to receptor protein

unit 2 bio - cells (2 decks)

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