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Applied Science > Bio Unit 1 > Flashcards

Bio Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Protects from surrounding
Allows substances in and out of the

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid that fills cell
Lots of chemical reactions

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre

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4
Q

Nucleous

A

Region of dense DNA
Produces ribosomes

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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes proteins aka 80s in eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Flattened scars with a membrane covered in ribosomes
Where proteins are made

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7
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Where lipids are made

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8
Q

Vesicles

A

Small membrane sacs for storing and transporting substances in the cell

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

• a series of single, curved sacs enclosed by a membrane
• modifies proteins and packages them in vesicles for transport

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Enclosed by a single membrane.
Contains digestive enzymes
Destroys old organelles and pathogens

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11
Q

Centrioles

A

Two hollow tubes that are right angled to each other make spindle in cell division

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12
Q

70s mitochondria

A

Where respiration occurs
ATP producer
Double membrane. Inner membrane has folded projections to increase surface area
Ribosomes and DNA

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13
Q

Nucleoid

A

Singular circular length of DNA folded

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14
Q

70s ribosomes

A

Make protein

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15
Q

Cell wall in prokaryotes

A

Long chain of molecules made from sugar and amino acids aka peptrdoglycan
Support and protects

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16
Q

Plasmids

A

Double stranded DNA in a circular structure
Aid in survival as antibiotic resistance and produces toxins

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17
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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18
Q

Vacuole

A

Stores in water and other substances

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19
Q

Cell wall in plants

A

Support and protect

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20
Q

Tonoplast membrane

A

Control movement of molecules in and out of the vacuole

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21
Q

Amyloplast

A

Stores starch
Photosynthesis create glucose, which is then converted into starch

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22
Q

Middle lamella

A

Sticks cells together

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23
Q

Plasmodesmata and pits

A

Allow communication between 1 cell and another by plant hormones

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24
Q

Palisades mesophyll

A

Main function is photosynthesis
Contain lots of chloroplast
Large vacuoles (so that chloroplasts are in the outer regions of the cell)
Thin cell wall = diffusion of substances

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25
Q

Root hair cell in plants

A

Collect water and minerals nutrients from soil
Long projections (out of soil)
Large SA
Don’t contain chloroplast as photosynthesis doesn’t take place

26
Q

Egg cell

A

Carries genetic information from female haploid cell
Zona pellucida is jelly layer only 1 sperm

27
Q

Sperm cell

A

Carries genetic information from male in the haploid nucleus
Undulipodium is tail to swim to egg
Mitochondria = energy

28
Q

White blood cells

A

Protect body from infections diseases and foreign invaders
Change shape to squeeze through gaps to get to sites of infection and engulf invaders
Anti toxin and antibodies

29
Q

Red blood cells

A

To carry oxygen which then binds to haemoglobin on cell surface
Shape give large surface area small and flex to get through capillaries

30
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines any surface in contact with external environment
Lines outer surfaces of internal organs and blood vessels
Inner surfaces of organs with cavities eg stomach

31
Q

Ciliated Columnar epithelium

A

Found in the trachea and bronchi
Lots of mitochondria
Cilia moves mucus away from lungs
Goblets cells produces mucus

32
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Flat and thin egg shaped nuclei
Often one cell thick
Good for diffusion in lungs (the alveoli)

33
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Long term
Cilia slows and stops working
Mucus the builds up and clogs airways
Lots of coughs which ruptures the thin epithelial cells in alveoli= less gas exchange making it easier for pathogens to invade

34
Q

Arteries

A

Take blood away from heart
High blood pressure
Highly oxygenated in haemglobin

35
Q

Veins

A

Take blood to the heart
Less oxygen
Less pressure

36
Q

Capillaries

A

Tiny blood vessels to cells and ect

37
Q

Arteries and veins

A

Outer layer of connective and elastic tissue (thicker in veins to prevent collapsing)
Layer of smooth muscle tissue (thicker in arteries as it helps to pump blood and keep up the pressure )
All three have an endothelial layer (inside of arteries and veins)

38
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits (atheroma) block artery or lead to blood clot (thrombosis) = coronary disease or stroke

39
Q

Causes of atherosclerosis

A

Endothelial tissue is damaged
LDL cholesterol accumulates in the artery wall. = inflammation. White blood cells move into wall
A build up of LDL, white blood cells = plaque formation atheroma
Artery becomes narrow and less elastic blood flow is restricted = big risk of clotting
Blood pressure rises and damages endothelial tissue

40
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscles- bundle of muscle fibres- muscle fibres (cells)- myofibril- sarcomeres- myosin and actin filaments

41
Q

How do muscles contract

A

Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres. They can get shorter and longer again 2.2 micrometers to 3 .
When contract thin actin filaments move between thicker myosin filaments = shorter sarcomeres

42
Q

Slow twitch

A

Slow sustained contraction for long periods
Many mitochondria
Energy from aerobic respiration
Lots of capillaries
Does not tire easily
Large oxygen and glucose stores

43
Q

Fast twitch

A

Rapid intense contractions in short bursts
Few mitochondria
Energy from anaerobic respiration
Few capillaries
Tires easily
Little stored oxygen and glucose

44
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibre

A

is aerobic
has steady power
n has endurance

45
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibre

A

is anaerobic
• has expiosive power
• fatigues easily

46
Q

Cells body in neurone

A

contains the nucleus and is where all materials needed by the cell are made

47
Q

Axon

A

adapted to conduct an electric impulse called an action potential

48
Q

Dendrites

A

receives chemical signals from the axon terminal of other neurons

49
Q

Schwann cell

A

Produces myelin sheath

50
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Electrically insulating layer

51
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps in myelin sheath they allow the electrical impulses to pick up speed

52
Q

Non myelinated

A

•Small diameter
•No myelin sheath
•Grey
•Slow impulses
•No Nodes of Ranvier
•Transmit aches, soreness, temperature changes

53
Q

Myelinated

A

• Larger diameter
•Have a myelin sheath
•White
•Fast impulses
•Nodes of Ranvier
*e.g. sharp pains

54
Q

Motor neuron

A

From CNS to effectors

55
Q

Relay neuron

A

Found in CNS

56
Q

Sensory

A

From sensory receptors to the CNS

57
Q

Action potential

A

Transmission of electrical signals between nerve cells
Triggered by depolarisation
In between AP is re polarisation

58
Q

Depolarisation

A

Na+ gates open.
• Na+ diffuses into the cell carrying positive charge.
• Na+ gates close.

59
Q

Re polarisation

A

• K+gates open.
• K+ diffuses out of the cell taking positive charge with it.
• K+ gates close.

60
Q

Recovery

A

K+ moves back into cell through non-voltage gated channels.
• Attracted by negative charge as hyperpolarised (that is, more negative than -60 to -70 mV).
• Resting potential equilibrium restored.

61
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

The only region of a myelinated nerve fibre that can depolarise is at the nodes of Ranvier where there is no myelin.

This means that nerve impulses can travel a much longer distance. They can also travel faster than without myelin, and the impulse “jumps’ from one node to the next.

62
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

measures the action potentials of the heart . Electrodes are placed on different parts of the body to detect electrical impulses and a machine amplifies the impulses during each heart beat and records them.

Applied Science (3 decks)

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