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Bio test#3 > bio test3 > Flashcards

bio test3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is ecology?

A

its the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment. These interactions determine the distribution and their abundance.

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2
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

Its the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems.

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3
Q

What is global ecology?

A

it examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere.

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4
Q

What is the range that ecologists work at?

A

They do individual organisms to the planet

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5
Q

What is organismal ecology?

A

it studies how organisms structure, physiology behaviors meet environmental challenges.

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6
Q

What is population and population economy?

A

population: a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

population ecology: focuses on the factors affecting population size over time

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7
Q

What is a community and community ecology?

A

Community: a group of the population of different species in an area.

Community ecology: examines the effect of interspecies interactions on community structure and organization.

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8
Q

What is a landscape or seascape? What is landscape ecology?

A

its a mosaic of connected ecosystems. Landscape ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling amount the various biotic and abiotic components.

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9
Q

How can population size be estimated?

A

using the mark-recapture method.

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10
Q

What do the ‘s’, ‘n’, and ‘x’ represent in the lincoln-Peterson method? What is the equation?

A

N=sn/x

N=size of population
s= number of individuals in the 1st sample, marked and released
n=total number of individuals in the second sample
x= number of marked individuals in the second sample.

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11
Q

What are the 3 assumptions for the mark-recapture method?

A
  1. population is closed
  2. marked and marked individuals are captured randomly.
  3. marks on individuals are not lost or overlooked.
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12
Q

explain exponential growth

A

its a J-shaped curve of exponential growth. Its a population bouncing back from bottleneck

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13
Q

explain population density trend

A

population density increases with birth and decreases with death. It depends also on resources, disease, predation, toxic waste, etc.

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14
Q

Explain the life table

A

the 4 processes that affect the size of a population are birth, death, emigration, and migration.

birth and death vary with age so we use a life table to keep track of age-specific natality and mortality rates. It often shows data for females because females are the most direct impact on population growth.

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15
Q

what is nx and bx? And lx, dx and qx?

A

nx: number of individuals of age x alive
bx: average number of female offspring produced by a female of age x
lx: proportion of individuals alive at the beginning of age interval x
dx: number if individuals dying during age interval x
qx: per capita rate of mortality age interval x

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16
Q

What is a survivorship curve?

A

it tells us which life stage experiences the higesr rate of mortality

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17
Q

what is R0?

A

its the net reproductive rate of a population. its the average number of offspring female produced by a female over its life-time accounting for age-specific mortality. its the growth factor of the population

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18
Q

What is the geometric model?

A

it predicts the size of a population one step in the future based on current population size and the per capita birth and death rates. it assumes birth and death are constant

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19
Q

What is the exponential model?

A

it assumes that the population grows continually (no seasonal growth.

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20
Q

logistic population growth?

A

b and d are consant.

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21
Q

What is a biological community?

A

It’s an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction.

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22
Q

What is species diversity?

A

Species diversity of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community.

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23
Q

What are the 2 components of species diversity?

A

The 2 components are species richness and relative abundance. Species richness is the number of different species in a community. Relative abundance is the proportions each species represents of all individuals in a community. Two communities can have the same species richness but different relative abundance.

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24
Q

We compare diversity using the diversity index. Explain what it is.

A

The Shannon diversity index (H) = -(paln(pa) +pbln(pb) + …) where a, b and c are the species and p is the relative abundance of each species.

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25
Q

What is interspecific interactions?

A

They are the relationship between species in a community. They can affect the survival and reproduction of each species. If it’s (+) it’s positive, (-) negative, or (0) for no effect.

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26
Q

What is interspecific competition? What are the symbols?

A

(-/-) it occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply. Strong competition can lead to competitive exclusion, local elimination of a competing species. The competitive exclusion principle states that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot co-exist in the same place.

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27
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

its the differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to co-exist in a community. Resource partitioning can occur through the evolution of differences in morphology and resources can result in competition (character displacement).

28
Q

What is an ecological niche?

A

Its the sum of the species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources. It can be thought of as an organism’s ecological role. Ecologically similar species can co-exist in a community if there is one or more significant differences in their niches.

29
Q

What is a fundamental niche?

A

its the niche potentially occupied by that species.

30
Q

What is a realized niche?

A

its the niche actually occupied by that species. Due to competition, a species’ fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche.

31
Q

What is predation? What symbol?

A

(+/-) its the interaction in whcih one species, the predator, kills and eats the other (prey). Mechanical and chemical defenses protect species (like skunks and porcupines). Animals with effective chemical defense often exhibit aposematic coloration. I

32
Q

What is batesian mimicry? and mullerian mimicry?

A

In batesian mimicry, harmless species minic a harmful one. In mullerian mimicry, 2 or more unpalatable species resemble each other. These are predation

33
Q

What is herbivory?

A

(+/-) a herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae, which has led to the evolution of plants’ mechanical and chemical defenses and adaptations by herbivores.

34
Q

What is parasitism? WHat is endoparasite? and ectoparasite?

A

(+/-) the parasite nourished from the host, and its a harmful process. A parasite can live within the body of its host and they are called endoparasite. Ectoparasite is when the parasite lives on the external surface of the host.

35
Q

What is facilitation?

A

(+/+) or (0/+) when one species positively affects another species without direct contact. AN invasion meltdown occurs when an invasive species facilitates the establishment of other invasive

36
Q

What is trophic structure? Food chain? Food web?

A

the feeding relationship between organisms in a community. It is a key factor in community dynamics. Food chain-link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores. A food web is a branching food chain with complex trophic structures.

37
Q

What is a dominant species?

A

they are the most abundant or have the highest biomass. They exert powerful control over the occurrence and distribution of other species. Keystone species exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches. Removing keystone predators can lead to trophic cascade.

38
Q

Fore relative abundance, what is the equation?

A

E=H’/ln(S)

S is age species richness.

39
Q

What makes up an ecosystem?

A

it consists of all living organisms in a community, as well as abiotic factors with which they interact

40
Q

What are the 2 main processes in dynamics?

A

energy flow and chemical cycling

41
Q

What flows and what cycles?

A

Energy flows through ecosystems and matter cycles within them.

42
Q

What do ecologists study?

A

the transformations of energy and matter within ecosystems.

43
Q

Explain how energy is cycled.

A

Energy enters as solar radiation, is conserved, and is lost from organisms as heat. In an ecosystem, energy conversions are not completely efficient, and some energy is always lost as heat.

44
Q

Are chemical elements constantly recycled?

A

Yes, in forests, most nutrients enter as dust or solutes in rain and are carried away in water.

45
Q

What do autotrophs do?

A

they build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosyntheses as an energy source.

46
Q

Heterotrophs ?

A

they depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms

47
Q

Energy and nutrients pass from…

A

from primary producers (autotrophs), to primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary consumers (carnivores) to tertiary consumers (carnivores that feed on other carnivores)

48
Q

What is primary production?

A

the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period. The extent of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an ecosystem energy budget.

49
Q

Explain the amount of sun hitting earth

A

The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface limits the photosynthetic output of ecosystems. Only a small fraction of solar energy actually strikes photosynthetic organisms.

50
Q

What is the total primary production?

A

its known as gross primary production (GPP). It is measured as the conversion of chemical energy from photosynthesis per unit of time.

51
Q

What is NPP?

A

net primary production is minus energy used by primary producers for respiration. Only NPP is available to consumers. Standing crops is the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time.

52
Q

What are some examples of productive ecosystems?

A

tropical rain forest, estuaires, and coral reefs

53
Q

What are some unproductive units?

A

marine ecosystems

54
Q

What limits primary production?

A

nutrients in most oceans and lakes.

55
Q

What is a limiting nutrient?

A

its the element that must be added for production to increase

56
Q

What nutrients most often limit aquatic production?

A

nitrogen, phosphorous and iron

57
Q

What does sewage runoff cause?

A

eutrophication of lakes, that leads to loss of most fish. In lakes, phosphorus limits cyanobacterial growth more often than nitrogen.

58
Q

In a terrestrial ecosystem, what affects primary production?

A

temp and moisture

59
Q

Primary production increases _______

A

moisture

60
Q

What is trophic efficiency?

A

the percentage of production transfered from one trophic level to the next. It is usually about 10%, with a range of 5% to 20%. trophic efficiency multiplied over length of a food chain.

61
Q

What is biogeochemical cycles?

A

life depends on recycling chemical elements. The nutrient cycle in ecosystems involves biotic and abiotic componenets.

62
Q

The carbon cycle reservoirs include:

A

fossil fuels, soils, sediment in aquatic ecosystems, solute in oceans, plants and animal biomass, atmosphere and sedimentary rocks.

63
Q

What 2 methods remove sustariantial amount of atmospheric CO2?

A

photosynthesis and phytoplankton. Thus quantity is approxiumenly equalled by CO2 affed through cellular respiration by producers and consumers.

64
Q

What are some forms of nitrogen available to live?

A

plants can assimilate (use) two inorganic forms of nitrogen: ammonium and nitrate and some organic forms like amino acids. Various bacteria can use all these forms as well as nitrate. Animals can use only organic forms of nitrogen.

65
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

the main reservoirs of nitrogen are in the atmosphere (78% of free nitrogen gas). The other reservoirs of inorganics and organic nitrogen compounds are solid and the sediment if lakes, rivers, oceans, surface and ground water, etc.

66
Q

Explain the nitrogen cycle

A

The major pathway for nitrogen to enter an ecosystem is via nitrogen fixation, the conversion of N2 to forms that can be used to synthesize organic nitrogen compounds. Certain bacteria fix nitrogen. Nitrogen inputs from human activities now outpace natural inputs on land. Two major contributors are industrially produced fertilizers and legume crops (like soybeans). Other bacteria in spoil convert nitrogen to different forms. Some bacteria carry out denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gases. Human activities also release large quantities of reactive nitrogen gases.

67
Q

what is the most important inorganic form of phosphorus?

A

phosphate. It binds soil particles, and movement is often localized. The largest reservoirs are sediemntary tricks of marine origin, oceans and organisms.

Bio test#3 (1 decks)

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