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bio exam 6 > bio test 6 > Flashcards

bio test 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biome

A

is one of the globe’s major ecosystem types, classified according to the
predominant vegetation (terrestrial biomes) and the physical environment
(aquatic biomes) present

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2
Q

what is climate

A

the long-term, major weather conditions in an area

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3
Q

what is climograph

A

plots the annual mean
temperature and precipitation for a particular
region

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4
Q

Which of the following correctly ranks terrestrial biomes
from the highest average precipitation to the lowest?

A

Tropical forest > Temperate grassland > Desert

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5
Q

Tropical Forests:

A

near Equator; high temps with low seasonality; high rainfall;
broadleaf evergreen or deciduous trees; highest animal diversity

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6
Q

Savannas

A

near Equator; high temps with more seasonality; low rainfall; scattered
trees, grasses, forbs, fire-adapted

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7
Q

Chaparral

A

midlatitude coasts; cold temps with hot summers; low rainfall with high
seasonality; small trees and fire-adapted shrubs

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8
Q

Tundra

A

the Arctic and very high mountaintops; very low temps; low to moderate
precipitation; mosses, grasses, forbs, lichens

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9
Q

Temperate Broadleaf Forests:

A

midlatitudes; cold winters and hot, humid summers;
moderate precipitation all year; deciduous trees in N. America

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10
Q

Temperate Grasslands, Deserts, and Northern Coniferous Forests

A

are three
terrestrial biomes common in New Mexico.

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11
Q

ectone

A

is an area of intergradation between biomes

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12
Q

Photic zone:

A

sufficient light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

Aphotic zone

A

little light can penetrate

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14
Q

Pelagic zone

A

open water column.

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15
Q

Benthic zone:

A

on the bottom, including
organic and inorganic sediments and the
benthos (community of organisms)

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16
Q

Littoral zone

A

near shore

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17
Q

limnetic zone

A

away from shore

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18
Q

esturary

A

is the transition zone between rivers and the ocean.

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19
Q

thermocline

A

is a narrow layer of abrupt
temperature change that separates warm,
upper layer from cold deep water

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20
Q

Oligotrophic lakes

A

are nutrient-poor and
oxygen-rich

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21
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A

are nutrient-rich
and oxygen-poor.

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22
Q

Microbiomes

A

can differ based on diet,
disease, age, host environment, host
phylogeny, and region of the body
(microclimate)

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23
Q

Biodiversity

A

describes the total variety and
variability of life on Earth.

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24
Q

Genetic diversity

A

comprises variation within individuals, within
populations, and between populations - the variation necessary for
adaptive evolution.

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25
Q

Species diversity

A

includes the total number of species and their
relative abundances in an ecosystem and across the biosphere.

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26
Q

Endangered species

A

are in danger of extinction throughout all or much of
their ranges; threatened species are likely to become endangered in the near
future.

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27
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

describes the variety of ecosystems on Earth,
including the interactions between organisms and their environments.

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28
Q

species diversity

A

in a community
includes the total variety of different organisms
present. It includes two components:

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29
Q

Species richness

A

is the number of different
species in a community.

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30
Q

Relative abundance

A

is the proportion of
individuals in the community represented by
each species.

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31
Q

Species-area curves

A

describes the pattern that the larger
the geographic area of a community, the more species it has

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32
Q

dispersal

A

of species can limit diversity
in some areas (e.g., islands).

33
Q

biogeography

A

the study of the geographic
distributions of species and
ecosystems across geographic
space and geological time

34
Q

cosmopolitan

A

distributions
are wide-ranging

35
Q

Endemic species

A

are found in one area
and nowhere else in the world.

36
Q

community science

A

Scientific research conducted by members of the public

37
Q

iNaturalist

A

allows anyone with a smart phone to upload
photos or audio of species observed in nature.

38
Q

Global
Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)

A

Museums send specimen data to
aggregators

39
Q

Which is the largest terrestrial biome, mostly distributed at high
latitudes, and characterized by low precipitation, cold winters,
and trees such as pine, spruce, and fir?

A

Northern Coniferous Forest

40
Q

primary producers

A

(autotrophs)
ultimately support all other trophic levels.

41
Q

detritus

A

nonliving organic material
such as dead organisms and leaves.

42
Q

Detritivores or decomposers

A

digest the
dead materials and nutrients can be
cycled back to producers or consumers

43
Q

biophilia

A

hypothesis says humans have a sense of
connection to nature and all forms of life.

44
Q

Ecosystem services

A

include all processes
through which natural ecosystems help
sustain human life

45
Q

Bioremediation

A

involves using organisms
such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to
detoxify polluted ecosystems by removing
harmful substances.

46
Q

Biological augmentation

A

uses organisms
to add essential materials to degraded
ecosystems.

47
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

states that
matter cannot be created or destroyed.

48
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

describes the path an
element takes as it moves between abiotic and
biotic components

49
Q

decomposers

A

is controlled
by temperature, moisture, and nutrients.

50
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

in which N 2
is converted to biologically usable forms
(NH 4+, NO 3-) by fungi and bacteria

51
Q

Nitrification

A

is the conversion of
ammonia to nitrite and nitrate

52
Q

Denitrification

A

is the conversion of
nitrite and nitrate into N 2

53
Q

eutrophication

A

a process in which
nutrient concentrations increase and
cause increased growth of algae and
cyanobacteria.

54
Q

The human actions of burning fossil fuels and producing fertilizers have had
major effects on which global biogeochemical cycles?

A

carbon and nitrogen

55
Q

Trace fossils

A

preserve the evidence of life, but
not the organism itself (e.g., footprints, burrows)

56
Q

Radiometric dating

A

is used to determine
the age of rocks or fossils by measuring the
abundance of radioactive isotopes.

57
Q

Half-life:

A

time required for 50% of the
isotope to decay. Isotopes with known rates
of decay are used to date fossils or rocks

58
Q

geologic record

A

is a standard time
scale dividing Earth’s history into four eons
and further subdivisions.

59
Q

The last half billion years of Earth’s history is referred to as the…

A

Phanerozoic Eon

60
Q

speciation rate

A

(number of
species produced in a time interval, also called origination)

61
Q

extinction rate

A

number of species lost
in time interval)

62
Q

The fate of each group of organisms is influenced by

A

plate tectonics, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.

63
Q

mass
extinctions

A

are defined when large numbers
of species become extinct worldwide at a
rate exceeding the typical average rate

64
Q

adaptive radiations

A

in which
a group diversifies to fill empty niches.

65
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

a sudden
increase in diversity of lifeforms, including the first
appearance of all modern animal phyla.

66
Q

Anthropocene

A

has been proposed as a
new geological epoch that highlights the
significant impacts humans are having on Earth.

67
Q

approximately how many species have been described globally?

A

1.5 million

68
Q

examples of ecosystem servces

A

-purify air and water
-detoxify and decomposes
-control pests
-pollinate crops

69
Q

what is the goal of restoration ecology

A

To speed up ecosystem recovery and try to bring back natural ecological processes

70
Q

what are the components of climate

A

-temperature
-precipitation
-sunlight
-wind

71
Q

what technique is used to establish actual ages in the fossil record

A

radiometric dating

72
Q

reasons that the fossil record is biased or incomplete

A

-were abundant
-had hard shells or skeletons
-died in right conditions to be preserved

73
Q

hadean eon

A

-water brought from asteroids and comes begins to accumulate
- surface solidifies into plates sitting on top of magma, moving around via currents

74
Q

archaean eon

A

-first fossil evidence of life. stromatolites are layered rocks formed by prokaryotes
-oxygen producing bacteria our president an atmospheric oxygen begins to increas

75
Q

Proterozoic eon

A

-oxygenation of the atmosphere leads to a shift from anaerobic to aerobic lifeforms
-eukaryote life originated 1.8 billion years ago and becomes dominant

76
Q

plate tectonics

A

Describes how currents are part of large fragments of earths crust floating on hot mantle below

77
Q

continental drift

A

currents in mantle cause plates to move over

78
Q

easterlies

A

east to west

79
Q

westerlies

A

west to east

bio exam 6 (1 decks)

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