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Biology 100 > Bio Test 4 > Flashcards

Bio Test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 evidence for diversity of life:

A

-MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
> Homologous structures
 > structures among common species because they have common ancestors.
- Fossil records
> Convergent evolution 
> they look closely related because they are in similar environments, but they are not. Eg. Turtle and seal arms. Reptile and mammal… Not similar at all.

-EMBRYOLOGY
developmental stages of organisms have similarities

-MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
mtDNA, rRNA, protein sequences

*Problem with embryology and molecular evidence: have to put it in a lab. Takes technology. Morphological - u can just observe.

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2
Q

Natural selection occurs when three conditions are met:

A
  1. Individuals within a population vary in their characteristics.
- eg. skin color, height, gender, eye color.
    
2. The variable traits are inherited (heritable)
- skin color….
    
3. Fitness - certain heritable traits help individuals survive better AND reproduce more.
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3
Q

Biological fitness

A

genetically pass on ur survival genes for that environment.

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4
Q

nine forces that can bring changes in population

A 
1 mutation

2 gene flow

3 A&B genetic drift

4 non random mating

5 A, B & C Natural selection
6 Artificial Selection
7 co-evolution
8 Evolutionary adaptation
9 Physiological acclimation
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5
Q

changes in population - Mutation

A
  • changes in the DNA
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6
Q

changes in population - gene flow


A
  • species that are distributed to different areas of the world, the environment is different and species look different.
  • Eg. Birds or pollen.

  • can result in new species forming
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7
Q

changes in population - genetic drift (random shift in allele frequency)


A

a. The Bottleneck effect:

- Random event, death is involved eg. Earthquake kills random people

b. Founder effect:

- A subset of the population is isolated and does not represent the same allele frequency as the original population.

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8
Q

changes in population - Nonrandom mating:


A
  • Sexual selection


- the visuals u choose in the partner

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9
Q

changes in population – Three Modes of natural selection:


A

Polygenic genes:
- stabilizing selection - average, not light or dark.

- Directional selection - towards dark, not light.

- Distributive selection - towards light or dark, no average

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10
Q

changes in population – Artificial Selection

A
  • human involvement)
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11
Q

changes in population – Evolutionary adaptation:

A

Adaptations are consequences of the environmental 
change; shift in the gene frequency of the population; occurs in the population; 
permanent condition (unless the species evolves)

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12
Q

changes in population – Physiological acclimation:

A

-changes are responses to environment; occurs in the 
individual; typically temporary

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13
Q

Macro evolution

A
  • Evolutionary change above species
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14
Q

Adaptive radiation =

A
  • many species forming in a very short time span. - the absence of competitions
  • Mammals when dinosaurs died.
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15
Q

What is a species?


A
  • a group of individuals that can breed (reproduce) and have a viable (survive) & fertile offspring (can reproduce
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16
Q

REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS (to keep species separate):

A
  1. Pre zygotic barriers (5 different) - inhibit mating between species or inhibit fertilization of egg and sperm.

a. Habitat isolation
- ex live on mountain tops, and never come down - ex zones in water level.
b. Temporal isolation
- refers to time
- ex active different times of the day
- breed different seasons of the year
- ex. Some plants flower in fall, and other in the spring.
c. Behavioral isolation
- for species with courtship rituals to attract mates
d. Mechanical Isolation
- for animals or plants
- morphological differences prevent successful mating - if the pollen don’t fit in the pollen hole
- penis don’t fit.
e. Gametic Isolation
- everything fits, but sperm does not fertilize egg
- receptors on egg and sperm need to match
- Ex, chipmunk and rabbit, but very common for plants, and in water when eggs and sperms floating around mixed up

  1. Post zygotic barriers (2 different)- inhibit the hybrid zygote from developing into a fertile adult.

a. Hybrid inviability
- zygote starts, but does not survive
- embryos development is impaired when genes from different parents are incompatible
- Cant make functional proteins
b. Hybrid sterility
- zygote develops, but will not reproduce (sterile, infertile) - The hybrid does survive
- uneven number of chromosomes

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17
Q

Background extinctions vs. mass extinction

A
  • Occurs evenly over time.


- 6th mass extinction is mainly due to habitat destruction for agriculture.

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18
Q
  • population:
A

a group of individuals of the same species in an area.

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19
Q
  • community:
A

interactions among the different species in an area.

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20
Q
  • ecosystem
A

living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) interactions in specific areas = grasslands, kelp forest, tundra.

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21
Q
  • biosphere
A

interactions on earth.

22
Q

Clumped:


A
  • resources,
- social bonds
23
Q

Uniform

A
  • territorial
 - competition
 - evenly distributed resources
24
Q

Random:

A


- Individuals are independent - evenly distributed resources

25
Q

What limits population size?

A

Density dependent factors:

  • food, water, space..
  • Disease fits both

Density independent factors:

  • factors that apply pressure that are unrelated to population density.
  • Eg. Earthquake, fire, tornado.
  • Disease fits both
26
Q

K-selected species

A
  • Logistic growth
  • Density depended
  • Long lived
  • Large
  • Parental care
27
Q

R-related species

A
  • Boom bust cycle
  • Small
  • Short lived
28
Q

Gradient species

A
  • Don’t fit in to R or K

- Birds, plants

29
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Competition

A


- When two or more species compete for the same limited resource (food, shelter, nutrients, water or light)


  • Competitive Exclusion = one species will out compete another.

  • Resource Partitioning (niche partitioning)=
> Two species can live together, eg 2 bacteria in a water tank, one on top, the other one on the bottom.
> creates more diversity
30
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Mutualistic


A
  • symbiosis (both organisms benefit)

- Eg. Bee takes nectar and deliver

31
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Commensal

A


- Visitor benefits, and the host has no effect


Eg. Clownfish in suck plant. Parasitic larva in dead rat.

32
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Parasitic

A


- Endoparasite: attached to the inside of the host.
Eg.
T apeworm.

- Ectoparasite: attached to the outside of the host.
Eg. Louse, tick.
- Non predator, because they don’t kill (only harm)

33
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Predation

A
  • when prey control the predator population: Bottom-up control Eg. Hare control the lynx population

  • When predator control the prey population: top-down control
    
Eg sea otter eat sea urchin so they don’t
34
Q

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGANISMS: Mimicry

A
  • look like a predator, but is harmless.

- Eg. a fly look like a bee

35
Q

Primary succession:

A

virgin land - not occupied by life >New islands.
> uplifted mountains

  • Start pioneer community

  • breakdown rock to soil, called erosion: wind and water and organisms such as lichen, releases acid

  • Can take 10000+ years

  • first plants are sun tolerant (shrubs, herbs)

  • later be replaced to shade tolerate community (when shrub are mature enough)
  • 
Last climax community
36
Q

Secondary succession:

A

Established habitat destroyed by a disaster


  • earthquake
, fire
  • Re growth, or re colonization much faster due to soil is already there

  • Takes about 25 years.
- sun tolerant plants
  • then shade tolerant plants
37
Q

WATER CYCLE 
Includes:

A

evaporation and precipitation, plants and animals, run off and infiltration.

38
Q

Desertification

A

semi-arid area becomes desert (arid area) Can be caused by natural and human causes (overuse of water)

39
Q

Biomes

A
  • major ecosystem types that occupy different geographical areas and have distinct climates and plant and animal species.
40
Q

Rain shadow effect

A
  • mountain is in the way, cloud forced up and release moister. When on the other side, its dry.
41
Q

Oligotrophic lake


A
  • low level of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)
  • low diversity

  • oxygen levels are high
42
Q

Oligotrophic lake becomes Eutrophic lake by

A
  1. Input of nutrients
- run off from farms or overwatered lawns
    
2. Algal bloom (producers grow)
  2. Oxygen and diversity increase

  3. Higher death rate (due to competition)

  4. Aerobic bacteria increases

  5. Aerobic bacteria uses oxygen, the oxygen levels decrease
  6. No oxygen and lake dies.
43
Q

OCEAN is 
Most diversity at:

A

top, and bottom

44
Q

Estuaries

A
  • Fresh water mix marine water
45
Q

Deforestation


A
  • getting rid of any habitat,

- agriculture main reason

46
Q

Desertification

A 
processor refusing the water in the area to an arid 
- causes by climate variation

- deforestation
- urbanization

- Agriculture, we use too much water

-	diversion of freshwater sources
47
Q

An invasive species

A


- not native to the area


  • spread fast
- diseases

  • eat or compete with native species
  • few natural predators
48
Q

Overexploitation

A
  • the harvesting of a renewable resource to the point of dismissing returns
- fishing
- shooting
49
Q

Greenhouse effect

A
  • good,
    
- Water vapor traps most heat

  • increase in co2 cause more heat to trap and green house effect increase
50
Q

Ozone

A 
Good ozone

- in the stratosphere 
- blocks UV A and B
Bad ozone

- In the ground level

- human health effects

- ozone, negatively affect your breathing 
- made up of 3 oxygen

- cycle, O3 forms-break down-form...
51
Q

CFC

A
  • chlorine, carbon, fluorine.
The chlorine interacts with the free o2 and it can’t produce o3
  • All CFC are man made, and banned.

Biology 100 (2 decks)

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