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Bio 100 > BIO Test 2 > Flashcards

BIO Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell that has undergone Mitosis… (diploid or haploid)

A

Diploid

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2
Q

Cell that has undergone Meiosis… (diploid or haploid)

A

Haploid

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3
Q

Meiosis 1: Prophase 1

A

chromosomes condense, spindles form, nuclear envelope breaks

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4
Q

Meiosis 1: Metaphase 1

A

chromosomes line up in center, spindle fibers attach

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5
Q

Meiosis 1: Anaphase 1

A

homologues split apart

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6
Q

Meiosis 1: Telophase 1

A

new nuclear envelope forms again, meiosis 2 starts

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7
Q

Meiosis 2: Prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense and spindles form again

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8
Q

Meiosis 2: Metaphase 2

A

sister chromatids line up

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9
Q

Meiosis 2: Anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids detach and start moving apart

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10
Q

Meiosis 2: Telophase 2

A

new nuclear envelopes form and cells detach

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11
Q

Which part of Meiosis is similar to Mitosis

A

2

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12
Q

Fertilization (diploid or haploid)

A

diploid

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13
Q

Mitosis (diploid or haploid)

A

diploid

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14
Q

Meiosis (diploid or haploid)

A

haploid

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15
Q

Dude, Keep, Pregnant, Cows, Off, Fertile, Grazing, Soil

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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16
Q

Rank

A

position in the hierarchy

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17
Q

Taxon

A

a group at any rank

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18
Q

Clade

A

a common ancestor and all its desents

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19
Q

Node

A

a common ancestor

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20
Q

Gene Expression

A

process by which genetic information flows from genes to protein and shows up as a phenotype

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21
Q

Introns

A

noncoding DNA sequence

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22
Q

cyclin

A

team up with enzymes to trigger events of the cell cycle and activate protein.

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23
Q

S cyclin

A

triggers replication at origins of replication

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24
Q

M cyclin

A

triggers mitosis in the cell and activates proteins needed to condense chromosomes, activate proteins that direct microtubule assembly

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25
Q

p53

A

protein that stops the cell cycle if DNA is damaged (pauses at G1)

26
Q

proto-oncogens

A

promotes cell division (gas pedal)

27
Q

oncogens

A

mutated version of oncogen, gene causes cancer

28
Q

Tumor supressors

A

slow down cell division (brakes)

29
Q

genome maintenance genes

A

repair proteins

30
Q

mitotic inhibitor

A

blocks mitosis by disrupting microtubules

31
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

before S-phase because DNA can’t be damaged when it is replicated

32
Q

DNA replication

A

at the end of G2

33
Q

Spindle assembly

A

before anaphase

34
Q

paclitaxel

A

stops cell division because microtubules won’t shrink

35
Q

x-linked traits

A

shows the trait of whatever they have, cannot be carriers

36
Q

3 Parts of a Nucleotide

A
  1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Base
37
Q

DNA Helicase

A

an enzyme that unzips DNA strands. After it unwinds the double strand, the single strand is available for replication, transcription, translation

38
Q

DNA Polymeraase

A

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. They are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create 2 identical strands.

39
Q

homology

A

similarity by common desent

40
Q

analogy

A

similarity by environment (ALWAYS misleading when used to develop phylogenic relationships)

41
Q

monophyletic

A

organisms descended from a single taxon

42
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

all offspring get something different to make sure each gamete has different DNA

43
Q

Genome Maintenance Genes

A

includes genes that encode proteins involved with DNA repair

44
Q

systematics

A

the study and classification of organisms

45
Q

speciation

A

the formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, and behavioral factors

46
Q

Gamete

A

egg and sperm

47
Q

nondisjunction

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate into daughter cells at division

48
Q

chemosynthesis

A

the synthesis of organic compounds within an organism, with chemical reactions providing the energy source

49
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms

50
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction. Parent cells split into 2 halves

51
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are made of 1 or more cells and the cells come from pre-existing cells

52
Q

monophyletic

A

organisms descended from a single taxon

53
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that gets its food from the environment

54
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that make their own food

55
Q

symbiosis

A

the living together of 2 dissimilar organisms

56
Q

Cell cycle

A

(interphase- G1, S, G2) (mitosis)

57
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

58
Q

crossing over occurs in which phase of Meiosis

A

prophase 1

59
Q

Protists

A

eukaryotes that are NOT animals, plants, or fungi. Simple, unicellular, mostly aquatic and diverse

60
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

theory behind where cells come from, primitive eukaryote eats a prokaryote but can’t digest it, forming the mitochondria.

61
Q

Origin of earth

A

4.6 billion years ago

Bio 100 (3 decks)

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