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Bio 101 > bio test 2 > Flashcards

bio test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

kinetic energy

A

moving energy; bike going down a hill

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3
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy available to do work; bike at top of hill

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4
Q

what kind of energy is stored in organic molecules?

A

potential

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5
Q

what kind of energy is stored in water behind a dam?

A

potential energy

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6
Q

what kind of energy is stored in a waterfall?

A

kinetic

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7
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but energy can be converted to other forms; chemical reaction

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8
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy transformations are inefficient because energy reactions lose some energy to it surroundings as heat

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9
Q

entropy

A

measure of the randomness of all energy becoming heat eventually

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10
Q

even though the atmosphere contains about 20% oxygen, why does the earth (wood) not go up in flames?

A

O2 is not flammable

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11
Q

activation energy

A

energy required as input to start a chemical reaction

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12
Q

how is activation energy supplied to a chemical reaction?

A

surroundings, could be heat or energized electrons or light

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13
Q

where are the reactants located in a reaction equation?

A

left side of arrow

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14
Q

where are the products located in a reaction equation?

A

right side of arrow

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15
Q

exergonic reaction

A

product has less energy than the reactant; X = energy eXits

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16
Q

endergonic reaction

A

product has more energy than reactant; N = energy iN

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17
Q

example of exergonic reaction

A

cellualr respiration

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18
Q

example of endergonic reaction

A

photosynthesis

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19
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP is split into ADP with the help of water; exergonic reaction

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20
Q

phosporylation

A

ADP gains a phosphate and becomes ATP; endergonic reaction

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21
Q

coupled reactions

A

chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side to the other; active transport and muscle contraction are examples

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22
Q

oxidation

A

molecule loses an electron

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23
Q

reduction

A

molecule gains an electron

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24
Q

redox

A

molecule both gains an electron the immediately loses it; this is a coupled reaction

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25
Q

enzyme

A

organic molecule that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

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26
Q

what kind of organic molecule is an enzyme?

A

typically a protein but can also be RNA

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27
Q

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

A

by lowering the activation energy required of a chemical reaction

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28
Q

what is an active site?

A

the place where a substrate binds to an enzyme

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29
Q

catalyst

A

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any physical change itself

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30
Q

catalase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the production of hydrogen peroxide

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31
Q

catalysis

A

the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

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32
Q

energy of activation

A

how much energy the reactant posses

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33
Q

do enzymes increase or decrease energy of activation?

A

decrease

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34
Q

what is a substrate?

A

the reactant in a chemical reaction can also be called

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35
Q

why are enzymes very specific to its substrate?

A

enzymes have very specific active sites

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36
Q

how does temperature effect enzyme activity?

A

cold = less activity
boiling = denatured; no activity
room temp = optimal activity

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37
Q

how does pH effect enzyme activity?

A

high pH= little activity
neutral pH = optimal activity
low pH = low activity

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38
Q

how does the amount of enzymes in a solution affect enzyme activity?

A

too many enzymes = there are enzymes not working
low enzymes = slow activity
100% enzymes= optimal activity

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39
Q

cofactor

A

substance other than an enzyme that helps a chemical reaction

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40
Q

coenzyme

A

non protein compound that helps speed up a chemical reactions

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41
Q

amylase

A

found in saliva; helps break down starch and glycogen into simple sugars

42
Q

pepsin

A

stomach enzyme; digests food in intestines

43
Q

trypsin

A

stomach enzyme; helps digest food in small intestine

44
Q

cell membrane

A

“plasma membrane” found in all cells

45
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

seperates the interior of the cell from its enviroment

46
Q

How does the cell membrane structure & function illustrate the common evolutionary origin of different kinds of organisms?

A

all cells have a cell membrane

47
Q

What is the other molecule common to all organisms that indicates common origin?

A

DNA

48
Q

organelles in animal cell

A

flagella, cilia, lysosomes

49
Q

molecules in a animal cell membrane

A

protein, carbs, lipids

50
Q

Why do scientists describe cell membrane as a fluid mosaic?

A

because like a mosaic, the cell membrane only works when all the parts are working

51
Q

how is an animal cell membrane same as a plant cell membrane?

A

centrioles and lysosomes

52
Q

how is an animal cell membrane different from a plant cell membrane?

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

53
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membranes?

A

stabilizes interactions

54
Q

what are the function of proteins in the cell membrane?

A

1)transportation
2) receptor proteins
3)enzymes catalyze reactions
4)

55
Q

semi permeable membrane

A

some molecules can easily pass through this and some cannot

56
Q

what molecules can pass a cell membrane freely?

A

small molecules and nonpolar molecules

57
Q

what molecules cannot pass through a cell membrane freely?

A

large molecules and polarized molecules

58
Q

how do water molecules cross the cell membrane?

A

osmosis

59
Q

how do ions and charged molecules pass through a cell membrane?

A

through active transport and facilitated diffusion

60
Q

how do large molecules cross a cell membrane?

A

endocytosis

61
Q

passive transport

A

molecules move down their concentration gradient without the need of energy

62
Q

active transport

A

molecules move up their concentration gradient with the help of enzymes which requires energy

63
Q

three methods of passive transport

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

64
Q

diffusion

A

transport of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

65
Q

osmosis

A

water moves from high water concentration to low water concrentration

66
Q

solute

A

the thingy getting dissolved

67
Q

isotonic

A

equal concetrations

68
Q

hypotonic

A

cell has less of the thing then its enviroment

69
Q

hypertonic

A

cell has more of the thing that its enviroment

70
Q

turgid

A

swollen; plant

71
Q

flaccid

A

normal; plant

72
Q

plasmolyzed

A

wilting;plant

73
Q

crenate

A

shrink;animal

74
Q

lysis

A

swells; aniaml

75
Q

What would happen if a patient in critical condition was given water, instead of saline through an IV?

A

patient’s blood cells would become hypotonic

76
Q

what are the four requirements for photosynthesis?

A

CO2, H20, sunlight, chlorophyll

77
Q

where does photosynthesis take place in a plant?

A

chloroplast

78
Q

stomata (photosynthesis)

A

tiny pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out

79
Q

chloroplast

A

the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

80
Q

chlorophyll

A

the light absorbing pigment in chloroplast

81
Q

photosynthesis reactants

A

H2O, CO2, sunlight

82
Q

photosynthesis products

A

glucose, O2

83
Q

where do light reactions occur in a cell

A

thylakoid membrane

84
Q

where does the Calvin cycle occur in a cell

A

stroma (inner place of chloroplasts)

85
Q

input of light reactions

A

light, water, ADP, NADP

86
Q

output of light reactions

A

ATP and oxygen

87
Q

what is the path of electron

A

transport proteins, goes to NADP and reduces it with H+ to NADPH2

88
Q

what molecules in chloroplast absorb light?

A

chlorophyll (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins)

89
Q

CO2 fixation

A

in the Calvin cycle, this process uses rubisco to turn CO2 into 3-PGA

90
Q

inputs of calvin cycle

A

ATP and NADPH (produced by the light reaction)

91
Q

outputs of calvin cycle

A

ADP, NADP+, carbs

92
Q

what are the three parts of the calvin cycle?

A

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of starting molecule

93
Q

what is the enzyme that fixes co2 and why is it the most abundant enzyme?

A

rubisco, it finishes photosynthesis

94
Q

aerobic reaction

A

glucose + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

95
Q

why is cellular respiration called a redox reaction?

A

glucose molecules are oxidized and oxygen is reduced to generate water

96
Q

what is the difference between respiration and cellular respirtation?

A

respiration; o2 enters lungs
cellular respiration; how a cell makes ATP

97
Q

NADH2 and FADH2

A

electron carrier in cellular respiration

98
Q

what are the four parts of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, transition step, Krebbie, ETC

99
Q

know the table for where each part of cellular respiration occurs

A

table bud

100
Q

which part of cellular respiration makes the most ATP

A

ETC

Bio 101 (1 decks)

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