bio test 2

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

the ability to do work

Question 2

kinetic energy

Answer 2

moving energy; bike going down a hill

Question 3

potential energy

Answer 3

stored energy available to do work; bike at top of hill

Question 4

what kind of energy is stored in organic molecules?

Answer 4

potential

Question 5

what kind of energy is stored in water behind a dam?

Answer 5

potential energy

Question 6

what kind of energy is stored in a waterfall?

Answer 6

kinetic

Question 7

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 7

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but energy can be converted to other forms; chemical reaction

Question 8

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

energy transformations are inefficient because energy reactions lose some energy to it surroundings as heat

Question 9

entropy

Answer 9

measure of the randomness of all energy becoming heat eventually

Question 10

even though the atmosphere contains about 20% oxygen, why does the earth (wood) not go up in flames?

Answer 10

O2 is not flammable

Question 11

activation energy

Answer 11

energy required as input to start a chemical reaction

Question 12

how is activation energy supplied to a chemical reaction?

Answer 12

surroundings, could be heat or energized electrons or light

Question 13

where are the reactants located in a reaction equation?

Answer 13

left side of arrow

Question 14

where are the products located in a reaction equation?

Answer 14

right side of arrow

Question 15

exergonic reaction

Answer 15

product has less energy than the reactant; X = energy eXits

Question 16

endergonic reaction

Answer 16

product has more energy than reactant; N = energy iN

Question 17

example of exergonic reaction

Answer 17

cellualr respiration

Question 18

example of endergonic reaction

Answer 18

photosynthesis

Question 19

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 19

ATP is split into ADP with the help of water; exergonic reaction

Question 20

phosporylation

Answer 20

ADP gains a phosphate and becomes ATP; endergonic reaction

Question 21

coupled reactions

Answer 21

chemical reaction having a common intermediate in which energy is transferred from one side to the other; active transport and muscle contraction are examples

Question 22

oxidation

Answer 22

molecule loses an electron

Question 23

reduction

Answer 23

molecule gains an electron

Question 24

redox

Answer 24

molecule both gains an electron the immediately loses it; this is a coupled reaction

Question 25

enzyme

Answer 25

organic molecule that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Question 26

what kind of organic molecule is an enzyme?

Answer 26

typically a protein but can also be RNA

Question 27

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

Answer 27

by lowering the activation energy required of a chemical reaction

Question 28

what is an active site?

Answer 28

the place where a substrate binds to an enzyme

Question 29

catalyst

Answer 29

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any physical change itself

Question 30

catalase

Answer 30

enzyme that catalyzes the production of hydrogen peroxide

Question 31

catalysis

Answer 31

the acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

Question 32

energy of activation

Answer 32

how much energy the reactant posses

Question 33

do enzymes increase or decrease energy of activation?

Answer 33

decrease

Question 34

what is a substrate?

Answer 34

the reactant in a chemical reaction can also be called

Question 35

why are enzymes very specific to its substrate?

Answer 35

enzymes have very specific active sites

Question 36

how does temperature effect enzyme activity?

Answer 36

cold = less activity boiling = denatured; no activity room temp = optimal activity

Question 37

how does pH effect enzyme activity?

Answer 37

high pH= little activity neutral pH = optimal activity low pH = low activity

Question 38

how does the amount of enzymes in a solution affect enzyme activity?

Answer 38

too many enzymes = there are enzymes not working low enzymes = slow activity 100% enzymes= optimal activity

Question 39

cofactor

Answer 39

substance other than an enzyme that helps a chemical reaction

Question 40

coenzyme

Answer 40

non protein compound that helps speed up a chemical reactions

Question 41

amylase

Answer 41

found in saliva; helps break down starch and glycogen into simple sugars

Question 42

pepsin

Answer 42

stomach enzyme; digests food in intestines

Question 43

trypsin

Answer 43

stomach enzyme; helps digest food in small intestine

Question 44

cell membrane

Answer 44

"plasma membrane" found in all cells

Question 45

what does the cell membrane do?

Answer 45

seperates the interior of the cell from its enviroment

Question 46

How does the cell membrane structure & function illustrate the common evolutionary origin of different kinds of organisms?

Answer 46

all cells have a cell membrane

Question 47

What is the other molecule common to all organisms that indicates common origin?

Answer 47

DNA

Question 48

organelles in animal cell

Answer 48

flagella, cilia, lysosomes

Question 49

molecules in a animal cell membrane

Answer 49

protein, carbs, lipids

Question 50

Why do scientists describe cell membrane as a fluid mosaic?

Answer 50

because like a mosaic, the cell membrane only works when all the parts are working

Question 51

how is an animal cell membrane same as a plant cell membrane?

Answer 51

centrioles and lysosomes

Question 52

how is an animal cell membrane different from a plant cell membrane?

Answer 52

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

Question 53

What is the function of cholesterol in the animal cell membranes?

Answer 53

stabilizes interactions

Question 54

what are the function of proteins in the cell membrane?

Answer 54

1)transportation 2) receptor proteins 3)enzymes catalyze reactions 4)

Question 55

semi permeable membrane

Answer 55

some molecules can easily pass through this and some cannot

Question 56

what molecules can pass a cell membrane freely?

Answer 56

small molecules and nonpolar molecules

Question 57

what molecules cannot pass through a cell membrane freely?

Answer 57

large molecules and polarized molecules

Question 58

how do water molecules cross the cell membrane?

Answer 58

osmosis

Question 59

how do ions and charged molecules pass through a cell membrane?

Answer 59

through active transport and facilitated diffusion

Question 60

how do large molecules cross a cell membrane?

Answer 60

endocytosis

Question 61

passive transport

Answer 61

molecules move down their concentration gradient without the need of energy

Question 62

active transport

Answer 62

molecules move up their concentration gradient with the help of enzymes which requires energy

Question 63

three methods of passive transport

Answer 63

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Question 64

diffusion

Answer 64

transport of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 65

osmosis

Answer 65

water moves from high water concentration to low water concrentration

Question 66

solute

Answer 66

the thingy getting dissolved

Question 67

isotonic

Answer 67

equal concetrations

Question 68

hypotonic

Answer 68

cell has less of the thing then its enviroment

Question 69

hypertonic

Answer 69

cell has more of the thing that its enviroment

Question 70

turgid

Answer 70

swollen; plant

Question 71

flaccid

Answer 71

normal; plant

Question 72

plasmolyzed

Answer 72

wilting;plant

Question 73

crenate

Answer 73

shrink;animal

Question 74

lysis

Answer 74

swells; aniaml

Question 75

What would happen if a patient in critical condition was given water, instead of saline through an IV?

Answer 75

patient's blood cells would become hypotonic

Question 76

what are the four requirements for photosynthesis?

Answer 76

CO2, H20, sunlight, chlorophyll

Question 77

where does photosynthesis take place in a plant?

Answer 77

chloroplast

Question 78

stomata (photosynthesis)

Answer 78

tiny pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out

Question 79

chloroplast

Answer 79

the organelle in which photosynthesis takes place

Question 80

chlorophyll

Answer 80

the light absorbing pigment in chloroplast

Question 81

photosynthesis reactants

Answer 81

H2O, CO2, sunlight

Question 82

photosynthesis products

Answer 82

glucose, O2

Question 83

where do light reactions occur in a cell

Answer 83

thylakoid membrane

Question 84

where does the Calvin cycle occur in a cell

Answer 84

stroma (inner place of chloroplasts)

Question 85

input of light reactions

Answer 85

light, water, ADP, NADP

Question 86

output of light reactions

Answer 86

ATP and oxygen

Question 87

what is the path of electron

Answer 87

transport proteins, goes to NADP and reduces it with H+ to NADPH2

Question 88

what molecules in chloroplast absorb light?

Answer 88

chlorophyll (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins)

Question 89

CO2 fixation

Answer 89

in the Calvin cycle, this process uses rubisco to turn CO2 into 3-PGA

Question 90

inputs of calvin cycle

Answer 90

ATP and NADPH (produced by the light reaction)

Question 91

outputs of calvin cycle

Answer 91

ADP, NADP+, carbs

Question 92

what are the three parts of the calvin cycle?

Answer 92

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of starting molecule

Question 93

what is the enzyme that fixes co2 and why is it the most abundant enzyme?

Answer 93

rubisco, it finishes photosynthesis

Question 94

aerobic reaction

Answer 94

glucose + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Question 95

why is cellular respiration called a redox reaction?

Answer 95

glucose molecules are oxidized and oxygen is reduced to generate water

Question 96

what is the difference between respiration and cellular respirtation?

Answer 96

respiration; o2 enters lungs cellular respiration; how a cell makes ATP

Question 97

NADH2 and FADH2

Answer 97

electron carrier in cellular respiration

Question 98

what are the four parts of cellular respiration

Answer 98

glycolysis, transition step, Krebbie, ETC

Question 99

know the table for where each part of cellular respiration occurs

Answer 99

table bud

Question 100

which part of cellular respiration makes the most ATP

Answer 100

ETC