Bio test 1/19 Flashcards
Cellular Respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars); Cellular respiration is used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions in the body
Photosynthesis
A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, when they are exposed to sunlight; the equation is Light + 6H2O + CO2 -> glucose (C6H12O6)
Fermentation
a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes; allows the preservation of substantial amounts of food
Heterotroph
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
Producer
photosynthesizing organisms; any kind of green plant
Consumer
a living creature that eats organisms from a different population
Aerobic Respiration
a chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars);
Anaerobic Respiration
respiration without oxygen; glucose -> pyruvate + CO2 + ATP and you still end up with 38 somehow
Chemiosmosis
the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane
How many ATP and NADH (and FADH2) are produced during each of the 3 phrases of cellular respiration?
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, products of the citric acid cycle are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
How is chemiosmosis (electron transport chain) different in cellular respiration and photosynthesis? (hint where do they occur ad how do they end?)
Throughout the photosynthesis, this happens within the chloroplasts, whereas throughout respiration, this happens within the mitochondria.
Parts of a mitochondria
outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix
Where each phase of cellular respiration occurs
Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and electron transport chain occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Glycolysis Inputs and Outputs
glucose -> 2 pyruvate (you get 2 NADH and 2 ATP)
Prep Step Inputs and Outputs
pyruvate -> acetyl CoA (you get 1 NADH (CO2) x 2)
Kreb’s Cycle Inputs and Outputs
acetyl CoA -> CO2 (you get 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP x2)
Describe chemiosmosis in cellular respiration in detail
involves the pumping of protons through special channels in the membranes of mitochondria from the inner to the outer compartment. The pumping establishes a proton (H+) gradient. After the gradient is established, protons diffuse down the gradient through a transport protein called ATP synthase.
Equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
3 main processes in cellular respiration IN ORDER
Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
