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Bio 122 > Bio Test 1 > Flashcards

Bio Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens to biomass from lower to higher trophic levels

A

bio mass declines between 11% and 15%

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1
Q

What does biomass represent in a trophic pyramid

A

chemicals energy

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2
Q

Is energy used in the production of offspring available to higher trophic levels

A

yes

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3
Q

How efficient are animals that produce their own body heat and maintain and high body temperature able to convert food into biomass

A

less efficient than animals that do not regulate their body temperature

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4
Q

About how much of the suns energy is captured by photosynthesis

A

1%

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5
Q

in the terrestrial carbon cycle, what is the abiotic reservoir that living organisms directly obtain their carbon

A

the atmosphere

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6
Q

What are the hierarchal levels?

A

atoms, molecule, cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Multicellular, population, species, community, ecosystem, Biosphere

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7
Q

Biosphere

A

That part of earth inhabited by living organisms; includes both living and nonliving components

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8
Q

Ecosystem

A

a community together with its nonliving surroundings

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9
Q

community

A

two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area

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10
Q

species

A

very similar, potentially interbreeding organisms

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11
Q

population

A

members of one species inhabiting the same area

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12
Q

multicellular organism

A

an individual living thing composed of many cells

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13
Q

organ system

A

two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function

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14
Q

organ

A

a structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit

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15
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

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16
Q

cell

A

that smallest unit of life

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17
Q

molecule

A

a combination of atoms

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18
Q

atom

A

the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element

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19
Q

How is the atomic scale directly related to the biosphere scale

A

both are governed by physical laws

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20
Q

what is ecology

A

the study of how organisms interact with each other and the nonliving environments

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21
Q

nutrient

A

ability to be something

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22
Q

energy

A

ability to do things

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23
Q

What is the difference between protists and prokaryotes

A

protists are Eukaryotes so they have membrane bound organelles

24
Q

how do you know that organic molecules contain more energy than inorganic molecules?

A

because they are living

25
Q

Why does nutrients cycle but energy flows

A

the nutrients are constantly going around while energy does not have a specific route but can come and go from different parts

26
Q

In biology, if we call something food, which two general ‘things’ must it contain?

A

energy and nutrients

27
Q

Why are biogeochemical processes crucial to life

A

Energy is never destroyed so it will constantly be around, so these process are a way for that energy to flow through organisms

28
Q

What are the 4 major components of the atmosphere

A

nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide

29
Q

what is the inorganic part of the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide

30
Q

If there is so much N, so freely available, why do people buy nitrogen fertilizer to apply N to our crops and gardens?

A

nitrogen assimilation helps plants grow, so adding extra nitrogen helps that process even more

31
Q

What are the two major forms of carbon involved in the biogeochemical process

A

organic and inorganic

32
Q

What are the major reservoirs for carbon

A

inorganic - atmosphere, ocean and large bodies of water, rock (which in inaccessible)
organic -living organisms, detritus, fossil fuels

33
Q

What are the major processes that cause transformations of C?

A

photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, and burning

34
Q

How does Carbon change in form as a result of each of the major Carbon transformation processes?

A

Photosynthesis - Co2 to organic materials
cellular respiration - organic materials to co2
decomposition - organic materials to co2
burning - organic materials to co2

35
Q

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs

A

autotrophs create their own food and heterotrophs get food from other organisms

36
Q

what do autotrophs and heterotrophs ave to do with inorganic and organic carbon?

A

Autotrophic organisms are those that have inorganic carbon sources (primary producers), which they use to produce their own organic nourishment, while heterotrophs use organic carbon sources, or in other words, other living organisms or derivatives from them (case of humans).

37
Q

In the global C cycle, which process involving transformation of C is current human activity impacting the most?

A

Burning since humans are burning for fossil fuels that the rest off the carbon cycle can keep up with

38
Q

What are the major forms of Nitrogen in biogeochemical cycling

A

reactive N, unrecative N, organic N

39
Q

What are the major reservoirs for the major forms of Nitrogen

A

Reactive N - the atmosphere
Unreactive N - soil, sediments and water
Organic N - organisms, detritus, and fossil fuels

40
Q

Can an N atom in atmospheric N2 move directly into an organic molecule

A

the N molecule is made up of an extremely strong triple bond so it would have to break for that to occur

41
Q

Approximately what % of chemical energy consumed by the caterpillar is stored in caterpillar biomass that is available to secondary consumers?

A

30%

42
Q

What are the two main ways that the rest of that original energy intake is lost?

A

waste and growing the organism

43
Q

Why do we call trophic food chain a ‘pyramid’?

A

because as we go up to higher levels, the amount of energy being transferred gets smaller exponentially

44
Q

On average, across food chains in all types of ecosystems on earth, approximately what proportion of chemical energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

11-15 percent

45
Q

What are some big reasons why energy transfer between trophic levels is so inefficient?

A

energy is used for the organism to grow and the other have is released as waste

46
Q

What is the maximum number of trophic levels that you are ever likely to find in a natural ecosystem?

A

4 or 5

47
Q

What is a biomass pyramid? How is it different from an energy pyramid?

A

A biomass pyramid shows the amount of living matter at each trophic level, while an energy pyramid shows the amount of energy transferred.

48
Q

What type of ecosystem would you find an inverted biomass pyramid and why

A

plankton and zooplankton because the zooplankton have a high birthrate

49
Q

What is net primary production (NPP)?

A

energy production per area

50
Q

What are the three major environmental influences (independent variables) on ecosystem NPP (response variable

A

water, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and nutrients.

51
Q

At the global scale, what are some of the most and least productive ecosystems per unit area?

A

least productive are the oceans because they are mostly very dark and most productive are the rainforests

52
Q

What is one ecosystem that is relatively unproductive per unit area but is still a major contributor to overall (global) NPP?

A

the ocean because of their large size

52
Q

Are supergroups more or less inclusive (“big”) than Kingdoms?

A

more inclusive

53
Q

How do you know which branches are unresolved in the super group tree?

A

when there are multiple species coming from the same branch with no name for them

54
Q

Why can’t Protists be grouped together as a single phylogenetic group?

A

Because groups of protists do not share a common ancestor with each other that is not also shared with plants, fungi, and animals,

55
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process by which certain living cells called phagocytes engulf other cells, particles and even pathogens.

56
Q

List two things about eukaryotes that some believe make them/us MUCH more awesome than prokaryotes. (What’s your opinion on the matter?)

A

a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

57
Q

what do the mitochondria and plastids have even though they are in Eukaryotic cell

A

DNA and RNA

Bio 122 (2 decks)

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