Bio technology

Question 1

define:
recombination DNA Technology
Genetically modified Technology
transgenic organism

Answer 1

recombination DNA Technology: procedures used to produce recombinant DNA include introducing DNA into a cell from a different organism or DNA that has been organised in some way

Genetically modified Technology: An organism produced by genetic engineering

transgenic organism: an organism that has had DNA from another species into it artificially

Question 2

what is a restriction enzyme

Answer 2

• endonuclease enzyme
• naturally occurring bacteria
• defence mechanism destroys invading virus (bacteriophages)
• enzymes cut viral genome into pieces cannot insert into bacterial genome, therefore, restriction inhibits

Question 3

how are restriction enzymes used by scientists

Answer 3

• select a specific restriction enzyme
• cut and isolate specific segments of DNA for analysis
• cut is made at the recognition site
• unique to restriction 4-8 bp in length
• enzymes are named from the bacteria they originate from
• 400 enzymes in use

Question 4

what is the difference between the 2 types of cuts restriction enzymes

Answer 4

blunt ends: the cut is made between 2 specific base pairs resulting in a straight and clean cut

sticky ends: cut results in a staggered cut capable of binding via (DNA ligase) to a complementary sticky end of DNA these are useful in genetic engineering able to cut and insert into another organism genome

Question 5

What is the purpose of identifying a gene

Answer 5

- Estraction to peform futher
analysis/process futher
comparision to establishrelation ships
diagnosis or genetic diseases 
- treatment
plans

Question 6

What is gene probing

Answer 6

sampie DNA iS Analysed -> mixed
with radioactive neucleotides and
free neucleotides.
- DNA replication is Initiated if radioactive neuciotide sequence
attaches, it will be visible under certain
lights

Question 7

What is the prossess of DNA profiling

Answer 7

seperation of genes within a genome
based on pair lengths use restriction enzymes to cut dna into individual genes
forms a dna Fingerprint using gel eletrophosis process

Question 8

Explain the gel electrophoresis process

Answer 8

process Of using electric current to seprête DNA across an agarose gel one side of the electrode is positive while the other side is negative whilst the other is positive DNA will move towards the positive electrode and smaller fragments will move further along agrose gel also moves pourus DNA through spaces

Question 9

What is DNA sequencing and what is its use

Answer 9

using Sanger method + gel electrophoresis to determine the actual
nucleotide sequence of a segment of
DNA

Use - identify specific mutation, gene counselling, paternity testing, identification • comparespecific sequences
- evelotionary
relation ships the closer
the species the more related the orga
nisms

EG
humans +chimpazeas share 98% Of DNA
sequence Discoverd by using DNA sequencing to examine sequences

Question 10

What is the Sanger method

Answer 10

DNA sample is REPLICATED
using synthetic FLORESENT NEUCLEOTIDES

Denatured
1. DNA splits into seprate strands

Annealed
2. Primer (known sequence of nucleotides Indicate To DNA polymerase
where to attach) added

chain
3. Synthetic florecent nucleotides attach + ends copying termination prossess
DNA in 4 different tubes 4 synthetic
method nucleotides (A T. C. G) added

4. process is repeated untill the desired sections of DNA have been copied

5
• DNA separated by gel eletophoresis because strands will be diffrent sizes
will be able to determine gentic
sequence

6. 6-florecent markers become
   visible under certain lights
7. nucleotid sequence can be determined

When markers Attaches it
signals DNA Polymerase
To stop copying this is the chain
termination method

Question 11

Describe the PCR process

Answer 11

1. The sager method is useful in determining sequence of nucleotides in dna and sequences of amino acids of proteins

gene is removed genome from
SpeciFic using restriction enzymes

2. DNA segment is isolated using
   restriction enzyme and copied using PCR.

polymerase chain reaction is DNA replication in Laboratory environment
that produce millions Of copies in a
short time

3. DNA samples are separated
   into 4 test tubes. Each test
   tube contains a different
   ddNTP

ddNTps are altered nucleotides
which when added terminate the elongation process

DNA polymerase
Free neucleotides
radioactivity tagged nucleotide

4. In each test tube:

• 1. DNA is heated denatures to form
     single strands

-2. Primer is added which indicates to
DNA polymerase where the process
to begin process.

Denaturing: heat breaks hydrogen
bonds seperating DNA Strand

Anealing: a DNA segment) primer (knownis added)

Elongation: DNA polymerase copies adding nucleotides to grow the segment

Answer 12

DNA samples are separated
into 4 test tubes. Each test
tube contains a different
ddNTP

ddNTps are altered nucleotides
which when added terminate the elongation process

DNA polymerase
Free neucleotides
radioactivity tagged nucleotide