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final > bio semester 2 > Flashcards

bio semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

atp

A

a compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis

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2
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions

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3
Q

H2O

A

the chemical formula for water

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4
Q

electron acceptors

A

a compound that accepts electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction

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5
Q

proton gradient

A

formed in the mitochondria such that the concentration of protons (H+) is higher on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane than on the other side

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6
Q

ATP synthase

A

the enzyme that makes ATP; allows protons to pass through the membrane

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7
Q

co2

A

carbon dioxide molecule

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8
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar produced when carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine. Primary source of energy.

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9
Q

mitochondria

A

organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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10
Q

glycolysis

A

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen

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11
Q

glucose

A

A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms

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12
Q

Krebs cycle

A

a series of chemical reactions in living things in which acetic acid or a related substance is oxidized to produce energy which is stored in ATP

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13
Q

matrix

A

a fold or folds formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

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14
Q

pyruvates

A

the end product of glycolysis enters the Krebs cycle when there is sufficient oxygen available.

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15
Q

electron transport chain

A

a process that moves hydrogen ions across a membrane to produce large amounts of ATP

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16
Q

cristae

A

a fold or folds formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

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17
Q

intermembrane space

A

The region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast

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18
Q

NADH

A

an electron carrier, a molecule that transports electrons during cellular respiration

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19
Q

FADH2

A

a redox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration

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20
Q

oxygen

A

to produce energy-rich ATP molecules needed to maintain cellular metabolism, needed for all living things to survive

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21
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of all living cells, which carries the organism’s hereditary information.

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22
Q

chromosome

A

structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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23
Q

double helix

A

twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other

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24
Q

anti-parallel

A

two molecules that are side by side but run in opposite directions

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25
Q

semi-conservative

A

Two strands of DNA unzip, and a new strand is assembled onto each ‘conserved’ strand. The replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand

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26
Q

parent strand (conservative)

A

serves as a template for the synthesis of a new daughter strand

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27
Q

daughter strand

A

made by base pairing nucleotides to the original strand (parent strand

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28
Q

origin of replication

A

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins

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29
Q

replication fork

A

The area where the replication of DNA will take place

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30
Q

helicase

A

enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid-protein complexes

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31
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

stablize dna in the leading and lagging strand

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32
Q

RNA primase

A

responsible for making a primer of RNA.

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33
Q

dna polymerase

A

An enzyme that assembles new DNA by copying an existing strand

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34
Q

Okazaki fragment

A

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication

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35
Q

ligase

A

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication

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36
Q

mitosis

A

a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself.

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37
Q

centrioles

A

two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope

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38
Q

nuclear envelope

A

layer of 2 membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

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39
Q

nucleolous

A

a non-membrane bound structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus

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40
Q

sister chromatid

A

duplicated copies of a single chromosome that are attached to each other and are identical

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41
Q

spindle fibers

A

separate the chromosomes.

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42
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

43
Q

chargaff’s rule

A

the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine

44
Q

nucleotide

A

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

45
Q

deoxyribose

A

A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides.

46
Q

phosphate

A

A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms

47
Q

prophase

A

First phase of mitosis. Genetic material inside the nucleus condenses.

48
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up along the equator. Spindle fibers link the chromatids of each chromosome to opposite poles

49
Q

anaphase

A

the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

50
Q

telophase

A

Chromosomes separate pole to new nuclear membranes for spindle disassembles

51
Q

cytokinesis

A

physical process of cell division which divides the cytoplasm of the cell into two daughter cells

52
Q

checkpoints

A

surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycl

53
Q

homologous pair

A

two chromosomes in a pair – normally one inherited from the mother and one from the father

54
Q

homolog

A

One member of a chromosome pair.

55
Q

synapsis

A

the pairing of two homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis; takes place during prophase I of meiosis

56
Q

crossing over

A

genetic recombination during synapsis, homologs sometimes touch and exchange DNA (happens between non sister chromatids)

57
Q

independent assortment

A

chromosomes from each homologous line up independently from the way they are arranged in other pairs.

58
Q

random fertilization

A

always random which sperm fertilizes which egg to create a zygote

59
Q

protein synthesis

A

The process in which amino acids are arranged in a linear sequence through the processes of transcription of DNA and to RNA and the translation of RNA to a polypeptide chain.

60
Q

rna polymerase

A

an Enzyme that Binds to DNA and separates the DNA Strands during Transcription.

61
Q

gene

A

a section of dna that codes for a protein

62
Q

allele

A

what the gene actually “says”

63
Q

diploid

A

cells that contain the total number of chromosomes
2N = 46

64
Q

haploid

A

cells that contain half the number of chromosomes
1 from each pair
N = 23

65
Q

gamete

A

a cell used in sexual reproduction (combining of DNA to create genetically different offspring)
contains half of the number of chromosomes (haploid)

66
Q

dominant allele

A

a genetic trait that shows up even when a different allele or the same gene is present

67
Q

recessive allele

A

genetic trait that expresses only when it is the only allele present

68
Q

incomplete dominance

A

alleles partially expressed to form an “in-between” phenotype
red and white flower makes a pink flower

69
Q

codominance

A

when two alleles are expressed to a similar degree
red and white flower makes a striped flower

70
Q

intron

A

non coding sequence
leaves

71
Q

exon

A

coding sequence
stays

72
Q

guanine cap

A

protects the transcript from being broken down. It also helps the ribosome attach to the mRNA and start reading it to make a protein.

73
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

74
Q

anticodon

A

unit of 3 nucleotides that are complementary to an mRNA codon

75
Q

amino acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

76
Q

golgi apparatus

A

prepares proteins and lipid (fat) molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell

77
Q

start codon

A

aug

78
Q

genotype

A

what the gene trait is
hair
eye color

79
Q

phenotype

A

what the gene expresses ]
brown hair
brown eyes

80
Q

homozygous

A

having 2 like alleles for a trait

81
Q

heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

82
Q

sex linked trait

A

A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent

83
Q

carrier

A

a person or other organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but does not display that trait or show symptoms of the disease

84
Q

lamarck

A

the person who created the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics

85
Q

darwin

A

came to the idea of natural selection

86
Q

alfred russel wallace

A

came to natural selection on his own after darwin

87
Q

natural selection

A

the process in nature by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less adapted to their environment

88
Q

fitness

A

an organisms ability to survive in a given area and reproduce

89
Q

mutation

A

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.

90
Q

microevolution

A

subtle changes that can occur in a very short period of time

91
Q

speciation

A

the process by which new species are formed

92
Q

habitat isolation

A

river, canyon

93
Q

temporal isolation

A

nocturnal vs diurnal

94
Q

behavioral isolation

A

new mating call

95
Q

machanical

A

“body parts” dont fit

96
Q

isolation

A

populations of a species must be reproductively isolated from each other in order to evolve into seperate species

97
Q

biogeography

A

present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes

98
Q

fossil record

A

an orderly array in which fossils appear in layers of strata

99
Q

transitional fossils

A

a mixture of features found in 2 different but related groups
provide important links in the fossil record

100
Q

comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

101
Q

homology (homologous structures)

A

the similarity of structures

102
Q

vestigial structures

A

degenerate structures that no longer perform the same purpose as in other organisms
whale flipper `

103
Q

molecular biology

A

the branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity

104
Q

pseudogenes

A

genes that have been “turned off” and are not active, but they are still active in other species

final (2 decks)

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