Bio S 1 Review Flashcards
Science uses which system to measure items?
metric
Biology is the study of ______________.
living things
All living things __________ to make more of themselves.
reproduce
Living things adjust to a stimulus by a ______________.
response
Questions arise from individuals __________ the world around them.
observing
The study of standards for what is right and wrong is called ______.
ethics
Information gathered through experimentation.
data
A structured procedure for collecting information to test a hypothesis is called an _______.
experiment
Applying science to the needs and problems of our society is called ________.
technology
A scientific explanation that’s been tested over time is a _________.
theory
The part of a science experiment that’s kept the same.
control Group
Steps used in science that gathers information, tests hypothesis, and solve problems is called
scientific Method
A testable explanation for a question or problem
hypothesis
Research that’s reported in numerical form with charts and graphs.
quantitative research
A test of a hypothesis
experiment
Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins are all large molecules called _____________.
polymers
All carbon compounds are called ___________________.
organic
Carbon atoms must share ____________ electrons to be stable
four
Burning of paper is an example of a ______________ reaction.
chemical reaction
Two or more elements chemically bonding together is called a _____________.
compound
Protons and neutrons are located in the __________ of an atom.
nucleus
Electrons move about the nucleus in regions called ____________.
electron Clouds
Proteins are made up of __________________.
amino acids
Water can dissolve many compounds because of its
polarity
All living things are made up of _________.
cells
Which type of cells do not have a cell wall?
animals cells
When diffusion slow down and stops __________ is reached.
dynamic Equilibrium
Diffusion continues until there is no ____________.
concentration gradient
Proteins contain what element that fats and carbohydrates don’t have?
nitrogen
The first electron energy level can contain a maximum of ______ electrons
2
Acids have a pH _______ than seven.
less
Unsaturated fats contain ________ bonds
double
pH of 13 is considered a strong ____________.
base
Enzymes in the human body are ___________.
proteins
Non-metals like chlorine typically will _________ electrons to become stable.
gain
N?O? has how many total atoms?
4
all life is made of cells which are the basic units of life and must come from preexisting cells is called the ________.
cell theory
First to describe cells
Hooke
The type of microscope which has the greatest magnification
electron microscope
A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles is termed ____________.
eukaryotic cells
The cell membrane is made up of a ________________.
lipid bilayer
Water moves out of a cell when the cell is placed in a ________ solution like sugar water.
hypertonic
Water moves into a cell when the cell is placed in a _________ solution.
hypotonic
When a cell moves particles from an area of lesser concentration to greater concentration it uses ________.
active Transport
Water leaving or entering a cell does so through a process known as __________.
osmosis
What part of a cell maintains the cells homeostasis?
plasma membrane
A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of ________.
proteins
Viruses, environmental influences and radiation are examples of things that can cause _________.
cancer
What monitors the cell’s cycle from phase to phase?
series of enzymes
What phase is identified by chromosomes lining up along the cell’s mid-line?
metaphase
The longest phase of the cell’s cycle.
interphase
Chlorophyll is located in what organelle?
chloroplast
Green pigment that traps light energy is called ____________.
chlorophyll
In order for your body to undergo reactions and normal body function, it requires _____.
energy
What are the two products of photosynthesis?
glucose (C?H??O?) and oxygen (O?)
The process which burns glucose to produce energy.
respiration
When parts of homologous chromatids exchange places with one another which creates genetic recombinations.
crossing over
A device used to show the offspring combinations of two parents.
punnett Square
Two alleles; one dominant and one recessive is said to be ______.
heterozygous
Mendel’s law that states only one factor from each parent is passed to the offspring is called _______.
law of Segregation
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called __________.
heredity
A cell containing the full set (2) alleles for each trait is said to be _____.
diploid
The gamete produced by the mother.
egg
The percent chance a couple will always have a boy is _______.
50%
Looking at the physical features of a dog will provide the dog’s ________.
phenotype
What cell division reduces the number of chromosomes by 1/2?
meiosis
The process of a sperm uniting with an egg is called __________.
fertilization
Alternate forms of a gene are called ______________.
alleles
Guanine always bonds to what nitrogen base?
cytosine
When a portion of a chromosome is missing or breaks off.
deletion
The shape of the DNA molecule.
double helix
What could be one result of mutated skin cells of a person?
skin cancer
When DNA is copied, these pair up to form a new strand.
nitrogen bases
Is made up of one sugar, base and a phosphate group.
nucleotide
The sugar of a DNA molecule.
deoxyribose
The sugar of a RNA molecule.
ribose
Replaces the Thymine in an RNA molecule.
uracil
Process which forms Messenger RNA
transcription
Put in order from largest to smallest: DNA, nucleotide, cell, chromosome, nucleus
cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide
What part of the DNA molecule gets copied during transcription?
nitrogen bases
The dropping off of amino acids for protein assembly is called ______.
translation
When a DNA segment has an added or lost nitrogen base it’s called a _________ mutation.
frameshift
Pink flowers from red and white parent combination shows the trait is ____.
incomplete dominant
The 23rd set of chromosomes is called ______.
sex chromosomes
Males have XY chromosomes and females have sex chromosomes called _____.
XX
The most efficient type of respiration is ______.
aerobic
Sac of digestive enzymes
lysosome
Storage sacs
vacuole
Power-house of the cell (converts larger molecules into ATP for energy use)
mitochondria
Folded membrane where reactions occur
endoplasmic reticulum
Thin strands of DNA
chromatin
Boundary of the cell
cell membrane
Short hair-like; used for movement
cilia
Control Center of Cell
nucleus
Converts light energy to chemical energy
choroplast
Phase the cell spends most of it’s time in
interphase
Chromosomes line up along midline
metaphase
Cell begins to undergo Mitosis by coiling up chromosomes
prophase
Chromatids separate at the centromere
anaphase
Two new cells form
telophase
Division of body cells
mitosis
Division of cells that will form gametes
meiosis
Putting amino acids together
protein synthesis
Converting light energy into glucose
photosynthesis
Known as Father of Genetics
Mendel
Compounds with the same chemical formula will differ in ________________
arrangement of atoms
Carbon-12 carbon-13 carbon-14 are examples of ___________
isotopes
The cell’s cytoplasm can differ from the cell’s surroundings due to the cell membrane’s _________________
selective permeability
Cancer rates for people will follow according to the country ____________
where the person lives
Chromatids of a chromosome attach to spindle fibers by the ___________
centromere
Which term is most complex: cell, organ system, organ or tissue?
organ system
The energy molecule that cells use is called _________________
ATP
The MAKING of a glucose molecule occurs through the process called _________
photosynthesis
The first step in BREAKING DOWN a glucose molecule
glycolysis
The parent’s ________________ are written on the top and side of a punnett square
gametes
Reducing 78 chromosomes to 39 is the result of ___________
meiosis
The backbone of a DNA molecule is made up of a phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
The process of a part of a chromosome breaking off and is added to a different chromosome is called _____________
translocation
The process of DNA copying itself is called ___________________
replication
A DNA segment that’s changed from CAT to GAT while being copied is called
point mutation
Royal hemophilia is the result of _____________ inheritance
sex-linked
Blood types are the result of ______________ inheritance
codominant
Most human genetic disorders are caused by
recessive alleles
the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
the breakdown of glucose to usable energy
respiration
long whip-like extension of the cell used for movement
flagella
jelly-like matrix that suspends organelles
cytoplasm
Ability to reproduce, high level of organization, growth, adaptation, responding to stimuli and requiring energy are all examples of
characteristics of living things
The metric base unit for length is
meter
The metric unit commonly used for mass is _____ for small items and kilogram for heavier items.
gram
The metric unit for volume is
liter
The measured outcome of an experiment
dependent variable
The variable being tested in an experiment
independent variable
water has slight charges on its ends due to unequal sharing of electrons causing a property called
polarity
The attraction of a hydrogen atom of one water molecule to an oxygen atom of another water molecule forms
hydrogen bonds
Dissolving substances is a ___________ change since you can achieve the solid again by boiling the liquid
physical
Isotopes are the same atoms with different numbers of
neutrons
A substance that forms hydrogen ions in water is an
acid
metals and nonmetals form __________ compounds
ionic
nonmetals form ___________ compounds with other nonmetals
covalent
Known as the Father of Microscopy
Leeuwenhoek
micrscope containing two lenses and used in common high school labs
compound light
The three main parts of a cell
cell membrane cytoplasm and nucelus
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
Enzymes attach to molecules called __________that undergo chemical reactions in the body
substrates
The word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water + light yeilds glucose and oxygen
The light reaction and calvin cycle are two parts to ________________
photosynthesis
glycolysis, krebs and electron transport chain are all steps in
aerobic respiration
__________ occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is absent
fermentation
total net ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule during aerboic respiration
36
During the first step of respiration, glucose is broken down into
pyruvic acid
uncontrolled division of cells creates a tumor that can spread resulting in
cancer
During prophase I of Meiosis, homologous chromosomes (4 chromatids) which come together are called ___________
tetrads
The actual moving of homologous chromosomes to pair up during prophase I is called
synapsis
The phase of meiosis when homologous chromosomes line up in two lines along the mid-line of the cell is called
metaphase I
The phase of meiosis when chromatids separate from each other
anaphase II
The phase of meiosis when 4 haploid cells form is called
telophase II
Meiosis produces 4 sperm or 1 egg and 3 _________.
polar bodies
Type of RNA that is a blue print of the DNA molecule which leaves the nucleus during protein synthesis
mRNA
Clover shaped RNA that picks up amino acids for transport to the ribosome
tRNA
A globular RNA that is combined with special protein that makes up a ribosome
rRNA
Guanine base binds to _________
cytosine
_____________ bonds to thymine on a DNA molecule or uracil on RNA.
adenine
nasal spray allowing good genes to enter and person’s body
gene Therapy
placing cut DNA in a gel-filled well to separate them by size and charge
electrophoresis
22 pair of chromosomes not including the sex chromosomes
autosomes
diagram showing an inherited disease over several generations
pedigree
picture of chromosomes which help locate abnormalities
karyotype
