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Bio Regents Review > Bio Review Cards > Flashcards

Bio Review Cards Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining internal stability despite environment.

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2
Q

What do vacuoles do?

A

Store waste and water

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3
Q

What are contractile vacuoles?

A

They pump out extra water when too much water moves during osmosis (more water on the outside)

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4
Q

What are organic molecules examples?

A

Carbs (Starch), Proteins, Lipids (Fats), Nucleic Acids (DNA)

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5
Q

What does being an organic molecule mean?

A

They contain carbon and hydrogen

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6
Q

What does being an inorganic molecule mean?

A

They have any combination of elements

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7
Q

What are examples of inorganic molecules?

A

Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Water and Ammonia

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8
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Combination of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism. These reactions require enzymes.

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9
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Where proteins are made. They’re located in the rough ER and Cytoplasm.

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10
Q

Where is the mitochondrion found?

A

Animal and plant cells.

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11
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis happens, and only in plant cells

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12
Q

What is the order (least complex to most complex) for the organization of living things (humans)?

A

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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13
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and exits (included in excretion) - and also recognizes chemical signals between the cells

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14
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration - no ATP is required

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water from high water to low water - causes dehydration, such as what happens when eating salt

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16
Q

What is active transport?

A

Substances moving from low to high - requires ATP

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17
Q

What are enzymes used for?

A

For all chemical reactions in a cell (synthesis, excretion, respiration, etc.)

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18
Q

Facts about enzymes…

A

Shapes of enzymes are very specific and enzymes and substrates fit together - enzymes work best in specific temperatures and pH levels

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19
Q

What is negative vs positive feedback?

A 
Negative = up and down, trying to even out and regulate
Positive = working to get something done (childbirth)
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20
Q

What are pathogens?

A

They’re viruses and bacteria

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21
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins that are on the surface of pathogens

22
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that attack invaders (disease / threats) by fitting exactly with the pathogen’s antigen

23
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and egg - they half half the number of chromosomes as a zygote

24
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell that came from the fusion of two haploid gametes

25
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A single-set of unpaired chromosomes

26
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Having two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

27
Q

What is mitosis?

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • One cell division (1 → 2)
  • One parent cell divides to create identical daughter cells
  • Genetic makeup of offspring is identical to the parent
  • Used to create identical cells, for growth and repair
28
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • Sexual reproduction
  • Two cell divisions (1 → 4)
  • Gametes are formed, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Only happens in ovaries and testes
  • Genetic makeup of offspring are varied from the parent
  • Function is to produce sex cells (gametes) with haploid chromosomes
29
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Transforming developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions - tissues are specialized groups of cells

30
Q

What happens in the ovaries?

A

Eggs are produced here. The ovaries also secrete estrogen and progesterone

31
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

The fetus develops here

32
Q

What does the placenta do?

A

It gives nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and also removes waste from the fetus

33
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A visual map of chromosomes

34
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The one thing that changes when setting up the experiment (such as age, sunlight, temperature), aka the cause

35
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The data collected throughout the experiment - aka, the effect of the independent variable (plant growth is an example)

36
Q

What is the control group?

A

The group under normal conditions, often used for comparison purposes

37
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars (glucose)

38
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

39
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

40
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

41
Q

What organelle extracts energy from food?

A

Mitochondrion

42
Q

What organelle creates energy from carbohydrates?

A

Mitochondrion

43
Q

What organelle creates ATP?

A

Mitochondrion

44
Q

What organelle creates carbohydrates?

A

Chloroplast

45
Q

What organelle creates organic molecules from inorganic molecules?

A

Chloroplast

46
Q

What is the correct DNA, Nucleus, Cell, Chromosome order?

A

DNA, Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell

47
Q

Can starch diffuse across a cell membrane? Why or why not?

A

No, it is too big

48
Q

Which types of molecules can diffuse across a cell membrane?

A

Small, non polar molecules

49
Q

What direction does water diffuse?

A

From high water concentration to low water concentration

50
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No

51
Q

Does active transport require energy?

A

Yes

Bio Regents Review (1 decks)

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