Bio Review Cards Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal stability despite environment.
What do vacuoles do?
Store waste and water
What are contractile vacuoles?
They pump out extra water when too much water moves during osmosis (more water on the outside)
What are organic molecules examples?
Carbs (Starch), Proteins, Lipids (Fats), Nucleic Acids (DNA)
What does being an organic molecule mean?
They contain carbon and hydrogen
What does being an inorganic molecule mean?
They have any combination of elements
What are examples of inorganic molecules?
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Water and Ammonia
What is metabolism?
Combination of all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism. These reactions require enzymes.
What are ribosomes?
Where proteins are made. They’re located in the rough ER and Cytoplasm.
Where is the mitochondrion found?
Animal and plant cells.
What are chloroplasts?
Where photosynthesis happens, and only in plant cells
What is the order (least complex to most complex) for the organization of living things (humans)?
Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
What is the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and exits (included in excretion) - and also recognizes chemical signals between the cells
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration - no ATP is required
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water from high water to low water - causes dehydration, such as what happens when eating salt
What is active transport?
Substances moving from low to high - requires ATP
What are enzymes used for?
For all chemical reactions in a cell (synthesis, excretion, respiration, etc.)
Facts about enzymes…
Shapes of enzymes are very specific and enzymes and substrates fit together - enzymes work best in specific temperatures and pH levels
What is negative vs positive feedback?
Negative = up and down, trying to even out and regulate Positive = working to get something done (childbirth)
What are pathogens?
They’re viruses and bacteria
What are antigens?
Proteins that are on the surface of pathogens
What are antibodies?
Proteins that attack invaders (disease / threats) by fitting exactly with the pathogen’s antigen
What are gametes?
Sperm and egg - they half half the number of chromosomes as a zygote
What is a zygote?
A diploid cell that came from the fusion of two haploid gametes
What is a haploid?
A single-set of unpaired chromosomes
What is a diploid?
Having two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
What is mitosis?
- Asexual reproduction
- One cell division (1 → 2)
- One parent cell divides to create identical daughter cells
- Genetic makeup of offspring is identical to the parent
- Used to create identical cells, for growth and repair
What is meiosis?
- Sexual reproduction
- Two cell divisions (1 → 4)
- Gametes are formed, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Only happens in ovaries and testes
- Genetic makeup of offspring are varied from the parent
- Function is to produce sex cells (gametes) with haploid chromosomes
What is differentiation?
Transforming developing cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions - tissues are specialized groups of cells
What happens in the ovaries?
Eggs are produced here. The ovaries also secrete estrogen and progesterone
What happens in the uterus?
The fetus develops here
What does the placenta do?
It gives nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and also removes waste from the fetus
What is a karyotype?
A visual map of chromosomes
What is the independent variable?
The one thing that changes when setting up the experiment (such as age, sunlight, temperature), aka the cause
What is the dependent variable?
The data collected throughout the experiment - aka, the effect of the independent variable (plant growth is an example)
What is the control group?
The group under normal conditions, often used for comparison purposes
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars (glucose)
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What are the building blocks of lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What organelle extracts energy from food?
Mitochondrion
What organelle creates energy from carbohydrates?
Mitochondrion
What organelle creates ATP?
Mitochondrion
What organelle creates carbohydrates?
Chloroplast
What organelle creates organic molecules from inorganic molecules?
Chloroplast
What is the correct DNA, Nucleus, Cell, Chromosome order?
DNA, Chromosome, Nucleus, Cell
Can starch diffuse across a cell membrane? Why or why not?
No, it is too big
Which types of molecules can diffuse across a cell membrane?
Small, non polar molecules
What direction does water diffuse?
From high water concentration to low water concentration
Does diffusion require energy?
No
Does active transport require energy?
Yes
