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AP HUG > Bio Quiz Review > Flashcards

Bio Quiz Review Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Due to pathogen
Ex: malaria, HIV

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2
Q

Condition

A

inherited, in the genes, not contagious
Ex: CF, Sickle cell,PKU

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3
Q

Dominant

A

R, does masking, shows itself

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4
Q

Recessive

A

r, is masked, is hidden

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5
Q

Allele

A

alternate form of a gene (A or a)

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6
Q

Trait

A

genetically inherited phenotype (hair color)

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7
Q

Characterstic

A

version of a trait (blue, brown, blond)

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8
Q

Genetic Screening

A

separate and identify individuals from a population

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9
Q

Amniocentesis

A

16 weeks, fluid from amnion, 1/200 miscarriage risk, may get mom cells

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10
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

10 weeks, chorion from placenta, high risk, stronger sample of fetal tissue

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11
Q

CFTR

A

Protein that allows passage of CL outside the cell. It is mutated or absent in CF, therefore, decrease in H2O leaving the cells= thick secretions on outside of cells of lungs, pancreas, small intestine- blocked with mucus

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12
Q

Nature

A

Genetics: Skin color, Sex, Height, Thrill Seeking

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13
Q

Nurture

A

Language Spoken

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14
Q

Nature & Nurture

A

Musculature, Behavior

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15
Q

High amount of MAO

A

low thrill seeking (inverse)

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16
Q

Low amount of MAO

A

High thrill seeking (inverse)

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17
Q

MAO

A

monoamine oxidase (Thrill seeking)

18
Q

Why are Identical Twins good for research?

A

Same DNA, Nature v. Nurture

19
Q

Pure chance

A

All occurrences have an equal opportunity of occurring
EX: Coin Flip, rolling dice
NOT EX: NFL- Skill

20
Q

Pt

A

= # of times a choice can occur/total number of alternatives

21
Q

Pe

A

= # of occurrences of a choice/total # of occurrences

22
Q

1st Law of probability

A

One occurrence on a purely chance situation has no effect on late occurrence
EX: Coin flip stays 50/50 even after a flip

23
Q

2nd Law of probability

A

Theoretical Probability,
The probability of simultaneous chance events occurring is equal to the product (Multiply) of the two probabilities of the events taken separately
Suit Prob X # Prob

24
Q

Theoretical Probability

A

of times a choice can occur/ total # of alternatives

25
Q

Experimental Probability

A

of occurrences of choice/total of all occurrences

26
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia
Inheritance ,Cause, Signs and symptoms

A

Codominant
RR: normal, no sickles
RS: sickle cell trait, few sickles
SS: sickle disease, all sickles
due to a defective gene
Change in 1 amino acid-> changes whole hemoglobin protein shape
Pain, fatigue, anemia, organ damage (Spleen and heart), Death

27
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia: Diagnosis, Treatment,Incidence

A

Blood Test
Amniocentesis
CVS: Chorionic villus sampling
Blood transfusions, pain killers, bone marrow transplants, stem cells
African Americans-> 1/13 are carriers-> 1/365 affected
Heterozygote advantage: plasmodium lives in RBC. Sickling has advantage to malaria resistance

28
Q

Jean Lamarck

A

1809
Theory of Use and Disuse
Acquired characteristics
Evolution right, mechanism wrong!

29
Q

Evolution

A

Changes in populations over time

30
Q

Natural selection

A

Differential success in survival and reproduction of individuals with different phenotypes resulting from interactions with their environment

31
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of genetics/probability

32
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Theory of evolution by natural selection, was the first to propose a feasible mechanism for evolution

33
Q

VISTA

A

Variation- there are a variety of forms of traits or phenotypes
Inheritance- only traits that are determined by an organism’s genes will be passed to the next generation, some variation is caused by environment (limb loss/building of the muscle), these traits are not heritable
Selection/Survival and reproduction- individuals compete for limited resources, such as food shelter, and mates. Individuals with traits best adapted for the environment are able to out compete other individuals for resources, allowing them to survive and reproduce more.
Time/Transmission- evolution occurs over generation
Adaptations- an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of surviving and reproducing. Over time, natural selections cause adaptations to become more common in a population

34
Q

What causes genetic variation?

A

Mutations- changes in the DNA sequence can result in new traits
Sexual reproduction- new combinations of traits can be created in gametes due to crossing over and independent assortment during meiosis
The wide variety of gametes created will join together to make diverse offspring

35
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Evolutionary fitness isn’t a measure of physical fitness but reproductive fitness

36
Q

Fitness

A

Relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring in an environment

37
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Cause
Symptoms
Inheritance
Treatment
Prevention

A

Cause: defective gene- defective enzyme, inability to break down phenylalanine
1/15,000 births in the US
Symptoms: mental retardation, seizures, lack of pigment in skin and hair, musty/black urine
Inheritance: Chromosome 12- recessive
Treatment: Phenyl Free, no meat/low protein diet
Prevention: Screen infants at birth- check for levels of Phenylalanine (High)
Heel Prick Test

38
Q

2nd Law of Probability calculation

A

1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36
1/36 + 1/36 = 2/36

39
Q

Codominance

A

2 Capital letters, 3 phenotypes–> Blend
Sickle Cell

40
Q

How are Malaria and Sickle Cell related?

A

Mosquitos can’t breed in sickle cells

41
Q

Cystic fibrosis
Symptoms, Cause, Treatment,
Transmission, Diagnosis

A

Lung issues, breathing problems,coughing, mucus build-up, salty sweat
Recessive mutated gene that is inherited from a parent
Lots of meds/drugs, breathing machine
RNA Therapy
Gene Transfer
Gene Editing
Both parents have to have the recessive mutated gene, it is then passed down to the kid
Genetic screening, blood test, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villus sampling

AP HUG (3 decks)

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