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Bio Basis Quiz 2 > Bio Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Bio Quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

BRAIN DIVISION

A

Corpus callosum:

white nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres

Allows for communication and increased processing speed

Glial cells:

hold neurons in place, supply nutrients, repair damage to NS

Half the volume of CNS

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2
Q

BRAIN DIVISION

A

Meninges:

Dura, Arachnoid, Pia

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF):

Clear fluid that provides cushioning for the brain

Produced in the ventricles

Fills subarachnoid space, canal of spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles

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3
Q

1) CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and Flow of CSF

A

Ventiricles:

series of hollow, interconnected chambers filled with CSF

CSF:

Extracted from blood, similar to blood plasma

Manufactured continuously by choroid plexus

Total amount- 125 mL, half-life 3 hours

Flows from ventricles to subarachnoid space where it is reabsorbed by blood supply

Diminishes pressure on base of brain

Role: Added layer of protection for the brain, keeping the brain from resting directly on the skull

Created by lateral ventricles and choroid plexus which filters CSF out from the blood

Flows through the third and fourth ventricles to the subarachnoid space where it diffuses over brain and spinal cord

Brain produces roughly 500 mL of cerebrospinal fluid per day

This fluid is constantly reabsorbed, so that only 100-160 mL is present at any one time

Since the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord can contain only 135 to 150 ml, large amounts are drained primarily into the blood

Drainage of CSF occurs through arachnoid granulations (protrusions of arachnoid through the dura), allowing drainage into the superior sagittal sinus (a blood vein)

CSF turns over about 3.7 times a day

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4
Q

LOBES OF THE BRAIN

A

FRONTAL LOBE

Temperol Lobe

PARIETAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE

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5
Q

OCCIPTAL LOBE

A

Back of the brain

Primarily vision

Injury can lead to visual field cuts

Most specialized lobe

Optic chiasm

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6
Q

PARIETAL LOBE

A

Responsible for processing somatosensory information

Speech, pain, spatial orientation Integrates sensory information for movement

Note taking, eating, brushing your teeth Injury can present as agraphia, poor muscle control, inability to move

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7
Q

TEMPORAL LOBE

A

Includes the limbic cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation

Important in hearing, processing auditory information, processing affective tone of nonverbal cues, memory, and recognition

Lateralization in left and right temporal lobes

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8
Q

THE SYNAPSE

A
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9
Q

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)

A

First identified neurotransmitter

Released by neurons connected to the voluntary muscles (causes them to contact)

Links motor neurons to muscles

Found in many brain regions

Thought to play important role in attention, memory, and sleep

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10
Q

FRONTAL LOBE

A

1/3 of the cortex

Higher-order cognitive processes: • Problem solving

Planning
Organization

Inhibition

What makes humans unique!

Includes premotor cortex, motor cortex, and prefrontal regions

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11
Q

SEROTONIN

A

Present in many tissues

Plays important role in transmission of other

neurochemicals (the catecholamines)

Switches affecting various mood-states- regulation of mood

Role in sleep, eating, arousal

Regulation of pain

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12
Q

CATECHOLAMINES

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Arise in sequence from tyrosine

Help the body prepare for fight or flight responses

Adrenal glands make a large amount of catecholamine in response to stress

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13
Q

CATECHOLAMINES: DOPAMINE

A

Inhibitory or excitatory depending on receptor

Produced in substantia nigra

Controlling movements, regulating hormonal response, and causing psychotic symptoms

Found in individuals who are experiencing:

Muscle rigidity
• Tremors
• Parkinson’s disease • Schizophrenia

Movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effect of abused drugs

Parkinson’s Disease

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14
Q

CATECHOLAMINES: NOREPINEPHRINE

A

Synthesized from dopamine

Increases arousal & vigilance

Influences reward system

Known to play a role in psychiatric disorders • Attention deficit disorder and Depression

ANS-Sympathetic

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15
Q

CATECHOLAMINES: EPINEPHRINE

A

Also known as adrenaline

Acts on nearly all body tissue

Rapidly prepares the body for action when necessary

Quickly increases blood and oxygen supply to brain and muscles

Simultaneously diminishes other bodily processes that aren’t as important for a stressful situation (digestion, immune system)

Dilates pupils, increases heart rate, constricts GI tract

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16
Q

CATECHOLAMINES: GLUTAMATE

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Regulates cortical and subcortical functioning

Important for cognitive functioning

Overstimulation can lead to cell damage and death

Brain injury & stroke

17
Q

CATECHOLAMINES: GAMMA AMINO BUTRIC ACID (GABA)

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Decreases activity

Lowers arousal

High concentration in cortex

Regulates seizure activity through inhibition

Benzodiazepines aim to increase this receptor activity

18
Q

Peripheal NS

A

Divided into:
1) Somatic nervous system:

Responding to environmental stimuli by connecting voluntary skeletal muscles with cells that respond to sensations

Afferent and efferent nerve cells

2) Autonomic nervous system
Neurons connecting the CNS to internal organs Regulates response of the body

Subdivided into:
Sympathetic: regulates arousal

Parasympathetic:conserves energy during relaxed state

19
Q

2) Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic & Sympathetic

A

Sympathetic (arousal)

Releases adrenaline in response to fear, danger, excitement

Regulates arousal by mobilizing energy during stress and high arousal

Breathing becomes faster, irregular

Heart rate increases

Digestion decreases

Circulation focused toward major organs and muscles, away from extremities (hands become cold, sweaty)

Muscles tense

Parasympathetic (calming, return to homeostasis, conserves energy during relaxed state)

Lowers metabolic rate

Important for sleep, digesting food, restoring blood pressure, heart rate

20
Q

3) Electrochemical neural transmission

RTSSHPCVNNPLR

A

Resting potential:

Resting potential of a neuron is -70 mV

Trigger:

Action potential signal arrives at axon hillock

Sodium channels open:

Local depolarization causes sodium channels along axon, which are voltage-gated, to open

Sodium enters/diffusion:

When channels open they allow inward flow of sodium ions because concentration is greater outside cell than inside

Related to principle of diffusion

Hyperpolarization:

Influx of positively charged ions move down axon as voltage-gated channels open

Potassium channels open:

Neuron reaches +35 mV

Potassium channels activate causing outward current of potassium ions (depolarization)

Calcium channels are opened:

Action potential reaches terminal button

Voltage-gated calcium channels are opened

Calcium enters

Vesicles migrate and merge:

Calcium binds with vesicle walls

Causing them to move towards presynaptic membrane and merge

Neurotransmitters released:

Once this merge occurs neurotransmitters inside vesicle are released into synapse

Neurotransmitters bind and receptors open: Neurotransmitters diffuse into the synapse

Some bind at receptor sites on postsynaptic cell triggering opening of receptors

Postsynaptic action potential is triggered:

When receptors open, voltage of postsynaptic neuron changes and action potential is triggered

Leftover neurotransmitters destroyed or reuptaked:

Leftover neurotransmitters destroyed by enzymes in the synapse or re-uptaked into presynaptic cell

Refractory period:

In presynaptic cell, there is brief over-correction (refractory period), taking polarization down past -70 mV, preventing an action potential from travelling back the way it just came

Return to resting potential:

In presynaptic cell, sodium-potassium pumps and diffusion of ions through cell membrane both assist in returning neuron to resting potential of -70 mV

21
Q

Pics fill

A
22
Q

Pic

A

Bio Basis Quiz 2 (1 decks)

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