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bio quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 atoms that a carbohydrate is composed of

A

oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon

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2
Q

whats the ratio for carbohydrates

A

1:2:1 ratio

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3
Q

what is a monosaccharide

A

a group of carbohydrates made up of only a single saccharide; a sugar

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4
Q

when do monosaccharides form a ring structure

A

when dissolved in water, but are usually a linear structure

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5
Q

difference of glucose and galactose

A

glucose: OH is on bottom of carbon 4
galactose: OH is on bottom of carbon4

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6
Q

alpha

A

OH is on bottom of carbon 1

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7
Q

beta

A

OH is on top of carbon 1

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8
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

group of carbohydrates made of 2 monosaccharides linking together; a double sugar

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9
Q

what is the formation of a disaccharide

A

sugars are joined together by condensation (dehydration synthesis) that form glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups

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10
Q

maltose

A

glu-glu

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11
Q

sucrose

A

glu-fru

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12
Q

lactose

A

glu-gal

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13
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

3 or more sugars joined by glycosidic linkages between hydroxyl groups

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14
Q

what is the function of polysaccharides

A

these large chains of glucose act as good storage forms for glucose

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15
Q

what is the storage molecule for animals

A

glycogen

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16
Q

what is the storage molecule for plants

A

starch

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17
Q

what is the structural polysaccharide for plants

A

cellulose

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18
Q

starch

A
  • large number of alpha glucose
  • energy storage
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19
Q

glycogen

A
  • large number of alpha glucose
  • secondary long term energy storage
  • primarily made by liver and muscles
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20
Q

cellulose

A
  • beta glucose
  • structural component of primary cell wall of green plants
  • most abundant organic compound
  • cannot digest this
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21
Q

chitin

A
  • beta glucose
  • found in outer skeleton of insects
  • second most abundant organic material found in nature
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22
Q

similarities between glycogen, starch, and cellulose

A
  • all polysaccharides
  • act as storage or structural molecules
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23
Q

differences of storage and structural polysaccharides

A

storage (starch and glycogen)
- bonds are the same
- alpha glucose
structural (cellulose and chitin)
- bonds are opposite
- beta glucose

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24
Q

carbonyl

A

aldehydes and ketons

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25
carboxyl
organic acids
26
amino
organic bases
27
phosphate
organic phosphate
28
sulfhydryl
thiols
29
what is the monomer for a nucleic acid
nucleotide
30
what does a nucleotide contain
sugar, base, phosphate group
31
DNA
deoxyribose adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine phosphate group
32
RNA
ribose adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine phosphate group
33
how to tell the difference between dna and rna
the chemical group that bonds to carbon 2 dna has an H rna has an OH
34
what are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases
pyrimidines: thymine, uracil, cytosine (single organic rings) and purines: adenine, guanine (two organic rings)
35
formation of dna and rna
- nucleotides link together between carbon 5 - form phospodiester bond - when circling a nucleic acid group you must make sure the phosphate group is on top -condensation/dehydration synthesis reaction
36
what is the function of dna and rna
used by organisms to store hereditary info that determines structural and functional characteristics - only molecules that can identically reproduce copies of themselves
37
lipids
- fats, oils, waxes - most common energy storing molecule - low ratio of oxygen but made up of H, C, and O
38
formation of lipids
hydrocarbons link together to form large chains between 12-24 carbons long
39
why are hydrocarbon chains hydrophobic
less polar OH bonds and more non-polar C-H bonds
40
groups of lipids
fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
41
fatty acids
- long carbon chains with a carboxylic acid group on the end - can be saturated and unsaturated
42
saturated fatty acid
- single bonds between carbons - solids at room temp - can lead to heart disease and high cholestrol - animal fats
43
unsaturated fatty acid
- single and double bonds between carbons - liquid at room temp - plant fats - can clean blood vessels
44
formation of glycerides
fatty acids join a glycerol backbone through condensation - form ester linkages
45
function of glycerids
most fats we eat, how the body stores fat
46
phospholipids
glycerol with TWO fatty acids and a phosphate group attached - fatty acids tails are non polar, phosphate group head is polar
47
when phospholipids interact
they align themselves so that their polar heads stay together and their non-polar tails stay together inward - form micelles when added to water
48
function of phospholipids
often form a double later (bilayer) that forms cell membrane - water and other ionic materials cannot pass through bilayer because of highly non-polar center - functional cell membranes contain proteins and hydrophylic pores that form channels that which materials can pass
49
waxes
- long fatty acid chains linked to alcohols or carbon rings - hyrdophobic
50
function of waxes
- waterproof coatings
51
steroids
4 fused hydrocarbon rings with several different possible functional groups
52
function of steroids
Cholestrol (adds rigidity to membranes) - important to cell membranes Hormones - sex traits and gametes
53
what is the monomer for a protein
amino acid
54
how many amino acids are there
20 in total, 9 are important
55
what is the backbone of an amino acid
- central carbon atom - amino group - carboxylic acid
56
formation of proteins
amino acids join by condensation reaction to form dipeptids and polypeptides - form peptide bonds
57
polypeptides
when many amino acids join together
58
what is a protein
a polypeptide with a specific structure and function
59
protein tasks
- structural proteins provide supportive framework - hormones/other chemicals - carrier proteins - defense proteins - energy as last resort - enzymes are catalysts
60
different stages of protein structure
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
61
primary stage
polypeptide strand with peptide bonds, sequence of amino acids - constructed in cytoplasm during protein synthesis
62
secondary stage
fold polypeptide into alpha helix (staircase) or beta sheets (accordian) - hydrogen bonds
63
tertiary stage
fold further and R groups interact - stabilized by R groups - 3d shape - Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges and hydrophobic interactions
64
quaternary stage
- clustering of 2 or more polypeptides
65
protein conformation
- if it loses conformation its denatured - protein is denatured by heat or chemicals but will return to normal shape when environment is back to ideal

sem 2 (4 decks)

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