BIO QUIZ #1 - EUKARYOTES & PROKARYOTES Flashcards
WHAT IS FOUND IN ALL CELLS?
DNA, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes
DNA IS EVERYWHERE B/C…
Information storage, Replication, Mutation and Evolution
CYTOPLASM IS EVERYWHERE B/C…
Universal solvent, Transport medium, Temperature regulation
PLASMA MEMBRANE IS EVERYWHERE B/C…
Selective barrier, Cell signaling, Fluidity
Prokaryotes (INCLUDING BACTERIA AND ARCAHEA)
single-celled organisms without compartmentalization (they do not possess any membrane-bound organelles OR A NUCLEUS)
Cell Wall
A rigid non-cellulose structure that surrounds the cells of bacteria. Protects the cell from rupture caused by osmosis and possible harm from other organisms.
Plasma Membrane
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell which all nutrients and waste products must pass through.
Cytoplasm
The gel like fluid inside the cell membrane where the reactions of metabolism occur.
Nucleoid
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is found in the form of a single, circular DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm of about 4000 genes. This DNA contains the instructions for the cell’s growth, reproduction, and functioning.
- 70S Ribosomes
Ribosomes are cellular structures (MADE OF PROTEIN AND RNA) that are responsible for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, ribosomes are smaller and referred to as 70S ribosomes. They are responsible for reading the genetic code from the DNA and assembling amino acids into proteins.
Flagella (plural: flagellum)
LONG, THIN WHIP-LIKE STRUCTURES, MADE FROM THE PROTEIN “FLAGELLIN”, THAT ENABLE MOVEMENT. (they rotate like a propeller to move the cell)
Pili (singular pilus)
Short hair-like protein structures that allow bacteria to attach to the surface of other bacteria which allows conjugation to take place.
Glycocalyx
- The capsule, which is a well-defined and organized layer firmly attached to the cell wall.
- The slime layer, which is a more spread out and loosely attached layer.
Eukaryotes
compartmentalized by membrane-bound structures called organelles each w/ specific functions
Nucleus
contains genetic info. in the form of chromatin / DNA is associated w/ histones (protected) / spherical & enclosed by double membrane / mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus / mRNA leaves the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear envelope
Mitochondria
primary site of respiration and ATP synthesis / has its own DNA
List parts of the mitochondria
Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix, 70S ribosomes, naked DNA, cristae
Why is the mitochondria dynamic?
Actively regulated by lipids and proteins to ensure optimal environmental for aerobic respiration
Free Ribosomes (80S)
made up of protein and RNA / subunits 60S and 40S / synthesizes proteins in the cytoplasm for use in the cell (like enzymes)
how do ribosomes attach to ER?
Ribosomes that become bound to the ER are directed there by a signal sequence that is part of that specific polypeptide. This signal sequence on the polypeptide binds to a signal recognition protein (SRP).
The SRP guides the polypeptide and ribosome to the ER where it binds to an SRP receptor. The polypetitde is then deposited into the LUMEN of the ER.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
linked flattened membranous sacs called cisternae / attached to 80S ribosomes / synthesizes proteins that are transported by vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for modification before leaving the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
made of cisternae / main function is to create carbohydrates and lipids for the cell to use / can also modify proteins from the rER before leaving the cell
Golgi Apparatus
made of cristae (not spec. linked) / modifies proteins from rER / involved in transportation of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Vesicles
a SINGLE membrane filled w/ fluid / responsible for transporting and delivering materials in and out of cell through plasma membrane
Lysosome
spherical-shaped w/ a single membrane / formed from Golgi VESICLES / contains digestive enzymes to break down ingested food w/in vesicles, damaged organelles or the cell itself / ONLY FOUND IN ANIMALS
Flagellum (eukaryote)
contains microtubules & only found in animals
Vacuole
a single membrane filled with fluids including water and enzymes / for plant cells, provides structural integrity / for animal cells, helps absorb food and digest it
Cilia (eukaryote)
Thin hair-like projections from the cell surface
/contains microtubules / either moves the cell or the fluid around the cell/ANIMALS ONLY
Microtubules
thick, hollow, unbranched cylinder fibers / provides shape & structure for cytoplasm, plays a role in cellular division, part of the structure of the flagella, etc.
Centriole
a pair of nine groups of triple microtubules / IN ANIMALS ONLY
Chloroplast main function
site of photosynthesis; converts light energy into chemical energy
MORE INFO!
List components of chloroplast
Outer membrane, Intermembrane space, Inner membrane, stroma, 70S ribosomes, naked DNA, thylakoids, grana
Cell Wall
an extracellular component not an organelle / Permeable, Strong, Hard to digest - resistant at being broken down
Endosymbiosis; briefly explain
a mutually beneficial relationship
an endosymbiont is a cell that lives w/in another cell, but is not digest because of its useful functionality such as photosynthesis / over the years, the cell loses some of its independence and becomes a supplemental organelle
Why is the endosymbiont not digested?
BECAUSE IT IS USEFUL; for instance, an aerobic prokaryote that provides energy for the whole cell - it is more beneficial for the host cell to live w/ this prokaryote than eat it
Endosymbiosis for mitochondria
Endosymbiosis for chloroplast
EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Where Did Organelles Come From ?
MEMBRANOUS INFOLDINGS (INFOLDING OF PLASMA MEMBRANE)
Nucleus
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vesicles
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria and cell info
oxygen & supply of nutrients and moisture / mitochondria vs. chloroplast
