BIO QUIZ #1 - EUKARYOTES & PROKARYOTES

Question 1

WHAT IS FOUND IN ALL CELLS?

Answer 1

DNA, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane, Ribosomes

Question 2

DNA IS EVERYWHERE B/C…

Answer 2

Information storage, Replication, Mutation and Evolution

Question 3

CYTOPLASM IS EVERYWHERE B/C…

Answer 3

Universal solvent, Transport medium, Temperature regulation

Question 4

PLASMA MEMBRANE IS EVERYWHERE B/C…

Answer 4

Selective barrier, Cell signaling, Fluidity

Question 5

Prokaryotes (INCLUDING BACTERIA AND ARCAHEA)

Answer 5

single-celled organisms without compartmentalization (they do not possess any membrane-bound organelles OR A NUCLEUS)

Question 6

Cell Wall

Answer 6

A rigid non-cellulose structure that surrounds the cells of bacteria. Protects the cell from rupture caused by osmosis and possible harm from other organisms.

Question 7

Plasma Membrane

Answer 7

A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell which all nutrients and waste products must pass through.

Question 8

Cytoplasm

Answer 8

The gel like fluid inside the cell membrane where the reactions of metabolism occur.

Question 9

Nucleoid

Answer 9

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus. Instead, their genetic material is found in the form of a single, circular DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm of about 4000 genes. This DNA contains the instructions for the cell’s growth, reproduction, and functioning.

Question 10

5. 70S Ribosomes

Answer 10

Ribosomes are cellular structures (MADE OF PROTEIN AND RNA) that are responsible for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, ribosomes are smaller and referred to as 70S ribosomes. They are responsible for reading the genetic code from the DNA and assembling amino acids into proteins.

Question 11

Flagella (plural: flagellum)

Answer 11

LONG, THIN WHIP-LIKE STRUCTURES, MADE FROM THE PROTEIN “FLAGELLIN”, THAT ENABLE MOVEMENT. (they rotate like a propeller to move the cell)

Question 12

Pili (singular pilus)

Answer 12

Short hair-like protein structures that allow bacteria to attach to the surface of other bacteria which allows conjugation to take place.

Question 13

Glycocalyx

Answer 13

1. The capsule, which is a well-defined and organized layer firmly attached to the cell wall.
2. The slime layer, which is a more spread out and loosely attached layer.

Question 14

Eukaryotes

Answer 14

compartmentalized by membrane-bound structures called organelles each w/ specific functions

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

contains genetic info. in the form of chromatin / DNA is associated w/ histones (protected) / spherical & enclosed by double membrane / mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus / mRNA leaves the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear envelope

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

primary site of respiration and ATP synthesis / has its own DNA

Question 17

List parts of the mitochondria

Answer 17

Outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, matrix, 70S ribosomes, naked DNA, cristae

Question 18

Why is the mitochondria dynamic?

Answer 18

Actively regulated by lipids and proteins to ensure optimal environmental for aerobic respiration

Question 19

Free Ribosomes (80S)

Answer 19

made up of protein and RNA / subunits 60S and 40S / synthesizes proteins in the cytoplasm for use in the cell (like enzymes)

Question 20

how do ribosomes attach to ER?

Answer 20

Ribosomes that become bound to the ER are directed there by a signal sequence that is part of that specific polypeptide. This signal sequence on the polypeptide binds to a signal recognition protein (SRP).
The SRP guides the polypeptide and ribosome to the ER where it binds to an SRP receptor. The polypetitde is then deposited into the LUMEN of the ER.

Question 21

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 21

linked flattened membranous sacs called cisternae / attached to 80S ribosomes / synthesizes proteins that are transported by vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for modification before leaving the cell

Question 22

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 22

made of cisternae / main function is to create carbohydrates and lipids for the cell to use / can also modify proteins from the rER before leaving the cell

Question 23

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 23

made of cristae (not spec. linked) / modifies proteins from rER / involved in transportation of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Question 24

Vesicles

Answer 24

a SINGLE membrane filled w/ fluid / responsible for transporting and delivering materials in and out of cell through plasma membrane

Question 25

Lysosome

Answer 25

spherical-shaped w/ a single membrane / formed from Golgi VESICLES / contains digestive enzymes to break down ingested food w/in vesicles, damaged organelles or the cell itself / ONLY FOUND IN ANIMALS

Question 26

Flagellum (eukaryote)

Answer 26

contains microtubules & only found in animals

Question 27

Vacuole

Answer 27

a single membrane filled with fluids including water and enzymes / for plant cells, provides structural integrity / for animal cells, helps absorb food and digest it

Question 28

Cilia (eukaryote)

Answer 28

Thin hair-like projections from the cell surface
/contains microtubules / either moves the cell or the fluid around the cell/ANIMALS ONLY

Question 29

Microtubules

Answer 29

thick, hollow, unbranched cylinder fibers / provides shape & structure for cytoplasm, plays a role in cellular division, part of the structure of the flagella, etc.

Question 30

Centriole

Answer 30

a pair of nine groups of triple microtubules / IN ANIMALS ONLY

Question 31

Chloroplast main function

Answer 31

site of photosynthesis; converts light energy into chemical energy

Question 32

MORE INFO!

Question 33

List components of chloroplast

Answer 33

Outer membrane, Intermembrane space, Inner membrane, stroma, 70S ribosomes, naked DNA, thylakoids, grana

Question 34

Cell Wall

Answer 34

an extracellular component not an organelle / Permeable, Strong, Hard to digest - resistant at being broken down

Question 35

Endosymbiosis; briefly explain

Answer 35

a mutually beneficial relationship

an endosymbiont is a cell that lives w/in another cell, but is not digest because of its useful functionality such as photosynthesis / over the years, the cell loses some of its independence and becomes a supplemental organelle

Question 36

Why is the endosymbiont not digested?

Answer 36

BECAUSE IT IS USEFUL; for instance, an aerobic prokaryote that provides energy for the whole cell - it is more beneficial for the host cell to live w/ this prokaryote than eat it

Question 37

Endosymbiosis for mitochondria

Question 38

Endosymbiosis for chloroplast

Question 39

EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS

Question 40

Where Did Organelles Come From ?

Answer 40

MEMBRANOUS INFOLDINGS (INFOLDING OF PLASMA MEMBRANE)
Nucleus
ER
Golgi
Lysosomes
Vesicles

ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

Question 41

Mitochondria and cell info

Answer 41

oxygen & supply of nutrients and moisture / mitochondria vs. chloroplast