BIO PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
plays a vital role in producing a
behavior.
BRAIN
are interested in
measuring biological, physiological, or genetic
variables in an attempt to relate them to
psychological or behavioral variables.
Biological psychologists
different species of animal can be
studied and compared. This can help
in the search to understand human
behavior.
Comparative
Method
how the nervous system and
hormones work, how the brain
functions, how changes in
structure and/or function can
affect behavior.
Physiology
what an animal inherits from
its parents, mechanisms of
inheritance (genetics).
inheritance
is an interdisciplinary science that
works closely with other disciplines, such
psychology, and medicine. It involves the study of
how the nervous system develops, its structure, and
what it does.
Neuroscience
can be viewed as a bridge
between the disciplines of psychology and
neuroscience.
biopsychology
- focuses on the direct manipulation of the nervous system in
controlled laboratory settings (e.g., lesions, electrical stimulation,
invasive recording) thus, subjects are usually laboratory animals
strong focus on pure research.
- Physiological Psychology.
- like physiological psychology except that the nervous system is
manipulated pharmacologically - focuses on drug effects on behavior and how these changes are
mediated by changes in neural activity - many psychopharmacologists favor pure research and use drugs to
reveal the nature of brain-behavior interactions; many others
study applied questions (e.g., drug abuse, therapeutic drugs).
- Psychopharmacology
- focuses on the behavioral deficits produced in humans by brain
damage, typically cortical damage - can’t be studied in humans by experimentation; deals almost
exclusively with case studies and quasi-experimental studies - most applied; neuropsychological tests of brain-damaged patients
facilitate diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle counseling.
- Neuropsychology
- focuses on the relation between physiology and behavior by
recording the physiological responses of human subjects - because humans are used, all brain recording is noninvasive (i.e.,
from the surface of the head) - usual measure of brain activity is the scalp electroencephalogram
(EEG) - muscle tension, eye movement, heart rate, pupil dilation, and
electrical conductance of the skin are other common measures.
- Psychophysiology
- newest division of biopsychology
- focuses on the neural bases of cognitive processes like learning
and memory, attention, and complex perceptual processes - often employs human subjects; key methods are noninvasive,
functional brain imaging techniques - often involves collaborations between researchers with widely
different backgrounds (e.g., psychology, linguistics, computer
science).
5.Cognitive Neuroscience
- study of evolutionary and genetic factors in behavior
- features comparative and functional approaches
- features laboratory research as well as studies of animals in their
natural environments (ethology).
- Comparative Psychology
It controls higher functions such as learning,
reasoning, and speech plus senses like sight and
hearing.
Cerebrum
This part of the brain is responsible for
coordinating voluntary movements. It is also
responsible for a number of functions including
motor skills such as balance, coordination, and
posture.
Cerebellum
lies in front of the cerebellum and anchors
the brain to the spinal cord.
Brainstem
Motor commands dealing with eye movement,
chewing, and facial expressions also originate in the
pons
a region of fibers and structures that help control
movement, along with auditory and visual processing.
midbrain
The point where the brainstem
connects to the spinal cord.
medulla
The core of the brain.
Diencephalon
also
known as the motor
cortex, this portion of
the brain is involved
in motor skills, higher
level cognition, and
expressive language.
Frontal lobe:
also known as
the somatosensory cortex, this
portion of the brain is involved
in the processing of other
tactile sensory information
such as pressure, touch, and
pain.
Parietal lobe:
also known as the auditory cortex,
this portion of the brain is involved in the
interpretation of the sounds and language we hear.
Temporal lobe:
also
known as the visual
cortex, this portion of the
brain is involved in
interpreting visual stimuli
and information.
Occipital lobe:
evolved mechanism of the brain to
protect itself. It is a semi-permeable
cellular wall that only allows specific
chemicals to enter from the body’s blood
stream into the brain.
Blood-brain barrier
This is a way of
recording the electrical activity of the brain (non-
invasive)
Electroencephalograms (EEGs) -
More recently methods of studying the
brain have been developed using various types of
scanning equipment hooked up to powerful
computers.
Brain Scans
The mind is about mental processes,
thought and consciousness. The body
is about the physical aspects of
the brain-neurons and how the brain
is structured.
DUALISM
is the belief that ultimately
the mind and the brain are the same
thing (e.g., when there is water, there
is life.
MONISM
A limitation is that most biological explanations
are
REDUCTIONIST
is a nerve cell that is the basic
building block of the nervous system, are specialized cells that transmit chemical and
electrical signals to facilitate communication
between the brain and the body.
NEURON
are branch-like
structures extending away from the
cell body, and their job is to receive
messages from other neurons and
allow those messages to travel to
the cell body.
DENDRITES
Like other cells, each
neuron has a soma
that contains a nucleus, smooth
and rough endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
and other cellular components.
CELL BODY
at its most
basic, is a tube-like
structure that carries an
electrical impulse from
the cell body (or from
another cell’s dendrites)
to the structures at
opposite end of the
neuron
AXON
pass the impulse to another neuron. The cell body contains a specialized
structure, the axon hillock, which serves as a junction between the cell body and the axon.
AXON TERMINALS
periodic gap in
the insulating sheath (myelin) on
the axon of certain neurons that serves
to facilitate the rapid conduction
of nerve impulses.
NODES OF RANVIER
This external
coating functions as insulation to
minimize dissipation of the electrical
signal as it travels down the axon.
MYELIN SHEATH
The myelin sheath is not
actually part of the neuron.
GLIAL CELLS
In the central nervous system, the glial cells that form the
myelin sheath are called ; in the _____ peripheral nervous system, they are called Schwann cells.
oligodendrocytes
are neurons responsible for
converting external stimuli from the environment
into corresponding internal stimuli.
SENSORY NEURONS
are neurons located in the central
nervous system, and they project their axons outside
of the CNS to directly or indirectly control muscles.
MOTOR NEURONS
are neither sensory nor motor;
rather, they act as the “middlemen” that form
connections between the other two types.
INTERNEURONS
Reverse of the Sodium potassium
pump happened during action
potential
REPOLARIZATION
