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Bio Psych Test 2 > BIO PSYCH TEST 2 > Flashcards

BIO PSYCH TEST 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The development of neurons involves what

A

development involves Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, Myelination, and Synaptogenesis

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2
Q

Proliferation

A

Production of new cells/neurons in the brain that primarily occurs early in life.

(Cells tend to divide, but some will remain where they are or become neurons that migrate to other locations)

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3
Q

Migration

A

Movement of newly formed neurons and glia to their eventual locations (chemical trails)

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Forming of the axon and dendrites that gives the neuron its distinctive shape

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5
Q

Myelination

A

Process by which glia produce the fatty sheath (myelin sheath) that covers the axon of some neurons.

(Myelin speeds up the transmission of neural impulses. First occurs in the spinal cord, then the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. Occurs gradually for decades)

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6
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Final stage of formation of synapse between neurons

(occurs throughout life, slows significantly later in lifetime, explains why babies sleep 12-16 hours a day)

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7
Q

The brain and experience

A

The brain doesn’t develop just because of genetics, it develops because of a person’s experience, which is greatly responsible for brain growth

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8
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Helps the eye to focus light in order to see clearly. Located in the front of the eye.

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9
Q

What is the lens of the eye?

A

Focuses light rays on the retina. Located in the front of the eye.

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10
Q

What is the pupil?

A

Controls how much light is let in to the eye

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11
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored area of the eye and controls pupil

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12
Q

What are rods and cones?

A

Responds to color and bright light. Rods are most abundant in the periphery of eye. Cones are most abundant in and around the fovea

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13
Q

What is the blind spot of the eye

A

It has no receptors. Located in the back of the eye

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14
Q

What are bipolar cells in the eye?

A

The only neurons that connect the outer retina to the inner retina

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15
Q

What are ganglion cells in the eye?

A

The convey info from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain

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16
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Consists of axons of ganglion cells that band together and exit through the back of the eye (at the blind spot) and travel to the brain)

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17
Q

What is the fovea?

A

Central portion of the retina that allows for acute and detailed vision

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18
Q

How does the eye convert light to electrochemical signals?

A

When light hits the retina, special cells called photoreceptors turn the light into electrical signals.

Brain then turns signals into images that you see.

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19
Q

Color Vision

A

Visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Perception of color is dependent on wavelength of light, different for each person
Red/yellow easiest to see
Blue/violet hardest to see

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20
Q

Color blindness

A

At least one cone (or 2 or 3) is not working due to genes, usually do not see red and green
Usually on the X chromosomes

21
Q

What is the pinna?

A

Structure of flesh and cartilage attached to each side of head that helps us locate source of sound. A part of the outer ear

22
Q

What is the auditory canal?

A

Passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

23
Q

What is the tympanic membrane?

A

Also known as the eardrum. Vibrates at the same rate when struck by sound waves. Located in the middle of the ear.

24
Q

What is the hammer of the ear?

A

Helps in transmission of soundwaves

25
Q

What is the anvil?

A

Helps in transmission of soundwaves from the eardrum to the cochlea

26
Q

What is the stirrup?

A

Recieves sound vibrations from the anvil and hammer

27
Q

What is the oval window?

A

Membrane that transmits waves through viscous fluid of inner ear. Located in the inner ear

28
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Filled with fluid that moves in response to vibrations from the oval window

29
Q

What do hair cells do?

A

Convert stimuli evoked from sound/head movements into electrical signals that are transmitted into the brain

30
Q

What is the auditory nerve?

A

Responsible for sending vibrations to the brain

31
Q

What is tone deafness?

A

AKA amusia. Impaired detection of frequency changes. Tone deaf people have thicker than average auditory cortex but fewer connections from auditory cortex.

32
Q

What is pitch perfect in people?

A

Ability to hear a note and identify it. Usually developed from early and extensive musical training

33
Q

What is hearing loss

A

Prolonged exposure to loud sounds and damage to hair cells

34
Q

What are endogenous cycles?

A

Some animals generate endogenous circannual rhythms (operate on yearly cycle)
ALL animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms (operate on 24 hour cycle)
Cycles can differ between people and lead to different patterns of wakefulness and alertness
Change as a function of age

35
Q

Setting and resetting the biological clock

A

Setting the biological clock is important for the purpose of circadian rhythm because it keeps our internal workings in phase with the outside world

36
Q

What is jet lag?

A

Disruption of circadian rhythm due to crossing time zones. mismatch of the internal circadian clock and external time

37
Q

How does night shift affect people compared to day shift work?

A

Night shift disrupts body’s natural circadian rhythm can cause at risk for health problems

38
Q

Stages of sleep

A

There are 4 stages and then REM
When one falls alseep you go through 1-4 in order
After one hour, they cycle backward through stages 4, 3, 2, and the REM
Repeats and each cycle lasts about 90 min

39
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

When sleep has just begun
EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, and low-voltage waves
Brain activity begins to decline

40
Q

Stage 2 of sleep

A

Sleep spindles (12 to 14 hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second)
K-Complex (sharp high-amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave)

41
Q

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep

A

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
EEG recording of slow, large, amplitude waves
Slowing of the heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity
Occurs early in the night

42
Q

REM sleep (Paradoxical sleep)

A

Rapid eye movement during sleep
Deep sleep in some ways, light sleep in others
EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage, and fast and these waves look the same as if were awake
Occurs later in the night

43
Q

What is insomnia

A

Persistent inability to fall asleep

44
Q

What is narcolpesy

A

Sleep at inopportune times from lack of orexin

45
Q

What is sleep apnea

A

repeated awakening when breathing stops

46
Q

What are night terrors

A

episodes of screaming and intense fear and flailing while asleep
Does not occur in REM but in early part of sleep and people do not remember them

47
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Play out your dreams because body is not paralyzed like it should be in REM

48
Q

Nightmares

A

Disturbing/frightening dreams
Occurs in REM sleep early in the morning
People remember

49
Q

Nightmares

A

Disturbing/frightening dreams
Occurs in REM sleep early in the morning
People remember these

Bio Psych Test 2 (1 decks)

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