Bio powerpoints 3 Flashcards
organic molecules:
make up bodies of living organisms
have a carbon based core
carbon based core has attached groups of atoms called
functional groups
the building materials of the body are known as
macromolecules
(very large)
four types of macromolecules:
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids
macromolecules are assembled from small components called
monomers
assembled chain of monomer is:
a polymer
a covalent bond formed between two subunits by removing a hydroxyl group from one and hydrogen from another is called
dehydration synthesis
process of disassembling polymers into component monomers (reverse of dehydration synthesis) is called:
hydrolysis
proteins are:
complex macromolecules that are polymers of amino acids
there are ___ types of amino acids
20
amino acids are:
small molecules with simple structure,
carbon atom which three groups are added
which 3 groups are added to amino acids
amino group
carboxyl group
functional group
covalent bond linking two amino acids together is:
peptide bond
assembled polymer is called:
polypeptide
four levels of protein structure
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
primary structure
sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
secondary structure
initial folding of amino acid chains
tertiary structure
final 3-D shape of protein
quaternary structure
spatial arrangement of component polypeptides
has more than one polypeptide chain
changes to the environment of the protein may cause it to unfold or
denature
(a denatured protein is inactive)
very long polymers that store information
nucleic acids
nucleic acids are comprised of monomers called
nucleotides
each nucleotide has 3 parts
5-carbon sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen containing base
there are ____ types of nucleotides
5
two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
Ribonucleic acid - RNA
the structure of dna is a
double helix
dna is a double helix because:
there are only two base pairs possible
bonds holding together base pair are hydrogen
structure of dna helps it to function because
having 2 copies means info can be transferred to next gen
used for energy or sometimes structural molecules:
carbohydrates
a carbohydrate is a molecule that
contains elements c, h, o in 1.2.1 ratio
simple carb:
made of one of two monomers
complex carb:
long polymers
consists of only one monomer subunit:
monosaccharides
(sugar glucose)
consists of two monosaccharides:
disaccharides
(sucrose formed by glucose & fructose)
long complex carb polymer chains are:
polysaccharides
plants form___ as energy
starch
animals form _____ as energy
glycogen
cellulose is found in
cell walls of plants
chitin is found in
exoskeleton of invertebrate and cell walls of fungi
what are lipids
fats and other molecules that are not soluble in water
(nonpolar)
fats two subunits
fatty acids
glycerol
if maximum # of hydrogens are attached
fat is called
saturated
(butter)
if there are fewer that maximum hydrogens attached
fat is called
unsaturated
(oil)
what make up two membrane layers
phospholipids
cholesterol (steroid)
