Bio- Part 1 Flashcards
What are 3 points of Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells (multi or single cellular)
-Contain Genetic Information, Metabolism and are capable of reproduction)
-Biogenesis
What is Biogenesis
Cells produced by other cells through cell division
What is the theory when living organisms arose from non-living entities
Spontaneous Generation or Abiogenesis
Who proved spontaneous generation wrong and what year
Louis Pasteur in 1745
Cells are made of…
Organelles ( Are NOT living but have a specialized function that contributes to the creation of the cell)
What is goes between cells and organ systems
Cell, Tissue, Organs, Organ System
What are unspecialized cells referred to
Stem cells
What are 3 exceptions to the Cell Theory
1) Viruses ( They contain genetic material but cannot survive outside the host)
2) Striaghted Musscle (Contains multiple nuclei, single membrane)
3) Fungal Hyphae ( Contain multiple nuclei, join together to form continuous cytoplasm)
Who created the 3-lens system and when
Robert Hooke in 1665
( He created the word “cell”)
Who created the first microscope and when
Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1595
( Approxemently magnify 20X)
Who discovered Bacteria and what year
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in early 1670’s
What is Eukaryotic Cell
Contain membrane-bound organelles and are the basis for both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
What is the Nucleus
Controls all cellular activities
where DNA is stored
What is Lysosomes
Digest/break down waste and other foreign particles (e.g. viruses & bacteria)
What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER makes lipids for delivery out of the cell.
What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER makes proteins for delivery out of the cell (“rough” because it is embedded by ribosomes, which help create proteins)
What is the Golgi Apparatus/Complex
Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion.
Receives substances from the ER and packages them for transport out of the cell
What does DORA stand for
DNA
Organelles
Reproduction
Average size
(Study Slide 36 better)
What is a Prokaryotic Cell
They don’t have any membrane-bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms.
What is the Ribosomes
free-floating in cytoplasm
Translates mRNA (modified DNA) from the nucleus into sequences of amino acids
(aka proteins)
Eukaryotes contain “80s” ribosomes
What is Cell Membrane
Flexible boundary that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell
What is Cytoplasm
Jelly-like material found throughout the cell in which organelles are suspended
What is Centrioles
Paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
What is Mitochondria
Where cellular respiration takes place; provides ATP (energy) for use by the cell
What is the formula for Cellular Respiration
Glucose+Oxygen->Carbon Dioxide+Water+ATP
What is Chloroplast
where photosynthesis takes place
contain chlorophyll, a green pigment which helps absorb light from the sun
What is Photosynthesis
Energy from the sun transformed into glucose
What is a Cell Wall
the rigid outer portion of the cell provides shape and support
explains why plant cells often look “boxy” under the microscope
What is Vacuole
stores water and other substances
What is the Phospholipid Bilayer
The main function is to control the movement of materials in and out of a cell
What is Integral Proteins
Span the lipid bilayer; are permanently embedded.
What does JET RAT stand for
intercellular Joining
Enzymic activity
Transport (active or passive)
cell-cell Recognition
Anchorage/ Attachment
signal Transduction
What are Peripheral Proteins
Associate with the surface of the membrane; are temporarily attached.
What is Cholesterol
maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane, thereby allowing it to maintain integrity while it changes shape.
What is Selective Transport
only certain substances are allowed to cross the membrane
What is diffusion
solvent moves by a concentration gradient
What is Osmosis
water moves by a concentration gradient
Phospholipids are composed of..
The head is hydrophilic ( water-loving)
The tail is hydrophobic ( water-fearing)
What are the 2 current models of cell membrane
Trilaminar Model (Davson & Danielli) 1935
Sandwich like
Fluid Mosaic Model(Singer & Nicolson) 1972
Sandwich with protein embedded
What is Dynamic Membrane
Cell membranes contain embedded proteins, which serve to physically transport substances across the membrane and carry out chemical reactions
This model of the membrane structure is referred to as the fluid-mosaic model
What is Endocytosis
taken into the cell
Where is the ground layer of the plant
Between the ground and vascular layer
what is Pinocytosis
cell drinking”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain molecules dissolved in fluids
what is Phagocytosis
“cell eating”, is a form of endocytosis which allows cells to obtain solids
Where is the dermal layer of plant
outer most layer
What is the cuticle of a plant
Waxy film covering the dermal layer
where is the vascular layer
innermost part of the plant
Where does photosynthesis take place
ground layer
Where does transportation take place in the plant
vascular layer
What is tropism
growth of the plant in a specific direction as a result of a particular stimulus.
What is negativerowth of a plant away from a stimulus.
tropism
What is positive tropism
growth of a plant towards a stimulus.
What is an isotonic solution
the concentration of the solute and solution is almost the same as normal blood cells)
what is a hypotonic solution (diluted)
the concentration of solute is lower outside the cell compared to inside ( blood cell would expand)
what is a hypertonic (concentration)
the concentration of solute is higher inside the cell compared to outside ( Blood cells would shrivel)
What is facilitated diffusion
involves the transport of substances that cannot cross the membrane by themselves without proteins
What is Exocytosis
Released from the cell
