Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > Bio Paper 1 > Flashcards

Bio Paper 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Monomer

A

The smaller units from which larger molecules are made

e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Disaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides

e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Formed by the condensation of many glucose units held by glycosidic bonds

e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide in plant cell walls formed by the condensation of β-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide in animals formed by the condensation of α-glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide in plants formed by the condensation of α-glucose contains two polymers - amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

C–O–C link between two sugar molecules formed by a condensation reaction it is a covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amylose

A

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds coils to form a helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amylopectin

A

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds branched structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involves the elimination of a molecule of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules involves the use of a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fibrils

A

Long, straight chains of β-glucose glucose held together by many hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Triglyceride

A

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids forming 3 ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phospholipid

A

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and two molecules of fatty acid held by two ester bonds a phosphate group is attached to the glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Induced-fit model

A

The enzyme active site is not initially complementary to the substrate the active site moulds around the substrate this puts tension on bonds lowers the activation energy A molecule that is the same/similar shape as the substrate binds to the active site prevents enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape preventing enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to an enzyme at the allosteric site causing the active site to change shape preventing enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids on a polypeptide chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Secondary structure

A

The folding or coiling to create a β pleated sheet or an α helix held in place by hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The further folding to create a unique 3D shape held in place by hydrogen, ionic and sometimes disulfide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Quaternary structure

A

More than one polypeptide chain in a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond joining amino acids together in proteins C–N link between two amino acid molecules formed by a condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme-controlled reaction

A

At low temperatures, there is not enough kinetic energy for successful collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At too high a temperature, enzymes denature, the active site changes shape and enzyme- substrate complexes cannot form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme-controlled reaction

A

Too high or too low a pH will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site. This breaks the ionic and hydrogen bonds holding the tertiary structure in place therefore the active site changes shape and the enzyme denatures Different enzymes have a different optimal pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction

A

At low substrate concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high substrate concentrations, the rate plateaus because all the enzyme active sites are saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-controlled reaction

A

At low enzyme concentrations, there will be fewer collisions between the enzyme and substrate. At high enzyme concentrations, the rate plateaus because there are more enzymes than the substrate, so many empty active sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Ester bond

A

–COO– chemical bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hydrophilic

A

The ability to mix, interact or attract water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hydrophobic

A

The tendency to repel and not mix with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Glucose

A

Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers α glucose β glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Galactose

A

An example of a monosaccharide that forms lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fructose

A

An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does ‘philic’ refer to?

A

The ability to mix, interact or attract water

Example: Hydrophilic substances dissolve easily in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does ‘hydrophobic’ mean?

A

The tendency to repel and not mix with water

Example: Hydrophobic molecules cluster together and repel water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is glucose?

A

Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers β glucose and α glucose

Example: Glucose is a simple sugar used for energy by cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is ‘Galactose’ an example of?

A

An example of a monosaccharide that forms lactose

40
Q

What is ‘Fructose’ an example of?

A

An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose

41
Q

What is an ‘Isomer’?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

42
Q

What is ‘Maltose’?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules

43
Q

What is ‘Lactose’?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule

44
Q

What is ‘Sucrose’?

A

Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

45
Q

What is a ‘Polypeptide’?

A

Polymer chain of a protein made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds following condensation reactions

46
Q

What is an ‘Amino acid’?

A

The monomer of a protein formed from C,H,O,N contains a carboxyl group, amine group and an R group

47
Q

What is a ‘Carboxyl group’?

A

COOH group made up of a C with hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (double-bonded O) group bonded to it found in amino acids and fatty acids

48
Q

What is an ‘Amine group’?

A

NH2 group found on amino acids

49
Q

What is the ‘R group’ on amino acids?

A

The variable group, the part of each of the 20 amino acids that is different

50
Q

What is an ‘α helix’?

A

A secondary structure in proteins a coiled shape held in place by hydrogen bonds

51
Q

What is a ‘β pleated sheet’?

A

A secondary structure in proteins a folded, pleated shape held in place by hydrogen bonds

52
Q

What are ‘Hydrogen bonds’?

A

Weak bond forms between H and O in many biological molecules e.g. proteins, water, DNA, tRNA

53
Q

What are ‘Ionic bonds’?

A

A bond that forms between the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins

54
Q

What are ‘Disulfide bonds’?

A

A strong covalent bond between two sulfur atoms in the R groups of different amino acids in the tertiary structure of proteins

55
Q

What is an ‘Active site’?

A

Unique-shaped part of an enzyme that the substrate binds to

56
Q

What is ‘Activation energy’?

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

57
Q

What is an ‘Enzyme-substrate complex’?

A

Forms when an enzyme and substrate collide and bind resulting in a lowered activation energy

58
Q

What does it mean to ‘Denature’?

A

When the active site changes shape so the substrate can no longer bind

59
Q

What is an ‘Enzyme-inhibitor complex’?

A

The structure that forms when an enzyme and inhibitor collide and bind prevents enzyme-substrate complexes from forming

60
Q

What is a ‘Saturated fatty acid’?

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, only single bonds between carbon atoms

61
Q

What is an ‘Unsaturated fatty acid’?

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end, at least one double bond between carbon atoms

62
Q

What is a ‘Polar molecule’?

A

A molecule that has an uneven distribution of charge

63
Q

What is a ‘Phospholipid bilayer’?

A

Phospholipids have two charged regions, in water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not

64
Q

What is the ‘Plasma membrane’?

A

Phospholipid bilayer cell surface membranes and organelle membranes

65
Q

What are ‘Reducing sugars’?

A

Sugars that can reduce Cu ions in Benedict’s reagent to Cu ions in the form of copper (I) oxide which forms a brick-red precipitate

66
Q

What is the ‘Test for reducing sugar’?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent, heat, observe green/yellow/orange/brick red precipitate

67
Q

How does the structure of a triglyceride relate to its function?

A

Large ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms; a lot of energy is stored in the molecule, high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they act as a metabolic water source, do not affect water potentials and osmosis, have a relatively low mass

68
Q

How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function?

A

Phospholipids have two charged regions, so they are polar. In water, they are positioned so that the heads are exposed to water and the tails are not. This forms a phospholipid bilayer which makes up the plasma membrane around cells.

69
Q

How does the structure of a triglyceride and phospholipid differ?

A

A phospholipid has one fewer fatty acid chain which is replaced by a phosphate group

70
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

A

A saturated fatty acid has no double bonds between carbon atoms where as unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms

71
Q

What are ‘Non-reducing sugars’?

A

A sugar unable to reduce Cu2+, the glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to expose the reducing group e.g. sucrose. Following a negative Benedict’s test boil the sample in acid and then neutralize with alkaline, add Benedict’s reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color

72
Q

What is the ‘Test for non-reducing sugar’?

A

Following a negative Benedict’s test, boil the sample in acid and then neutralize with alkaline, add Benedict’s reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color

73
Q

What is the ‘Test for starch’?

A

Add iodine, turns blue

74
Q

What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms.

Example: Palmitic acid

75
Q

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Example: Oleic acid

76
Q

What is a non-reducing sugar?

A

A non-reducing sugar is a sugar unable to reduce Cu2+. The glycosidic bond must be hydrolysed to expose the reducing group.

Example: Sucrose

77
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugar?

A

To test for non-reducing sugar, boil the sample in acid, then neutralize with alkaline. Add Benedict’s reagent and heat, observe orange/brick red color.

78
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

To test for starch, add iodine. It turns blue/black.

79
Q

How to test for lipids?

A

To test for lipids, add ethanol and shake to dissolve, then add water. A white emulsion forms.

80
Q

How to test for protein?

A

To test for protein, add biuret. It turns purple.

81
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is the monomer of DNA and RNA, containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

82
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

Complementary base pairs align opposite each other and form hydrogen bonds. Adenine pairs with thymine/uracil, guanine pairs with cytosine.

83
Q

What is a polynucleotide?

A

A polynucleotide is a DNA polymer with many nucleotides joined together via a condensation reaction, joined by phosphodiester bonds.

84
Q

What is the structure of water?

A

Water is a polar molecule, with the oxygen atom slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms slightly positive.

85
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase?

A

ATP synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi.

86
Q

What is the role of ATP hydrolase?

A

ATP hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi.

87
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, making the molecule more reactive/gaining energy.

88
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

A dipeptide is two amino acids bonded together by a peptide bond, formed by a condensation reaction.

89
Q

What is the role of hydrogen ions?

A

Hydrogen ions determine the pH, with more ions indicating more acidic conditions and playing a role in chemiosmosis in respiration and photosynthesis.

90
Q

What is the role of iron ions?

A

Iron ions are a compound of haemoglobin involved in oxygen transport.

91
Q

What is the role of sodium ions in co-transport?

A

Sodium ions are involved in co-transport for the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum.

92
Q

What is the role of phosphate ions?

A

Phosphate ions are a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP, forming phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar.

93
Q

What is co-transport involved in?

A

Absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum
Example: Co-transport is involved in the absorption of glucose and amino acids in the ileum.

94
Q

What is the role of phosphate ions?

A

As a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Phosphate ions play a crucial role as a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

95
Q

What forms the phosphodiester bond in DNA and RNA?

A

Between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar

The phosphodiester bond in DNA and RNA forms between the phosphate group and the pentose sugar.

96
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

It has a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain

Fatty acids consist of a carboxyl group and a long hydrocarbon chain.

97
Q

Can fatty acids be saturated or unsaturated?

A

Fatty acids can exist in saturated or unsaturated forms.

Bio (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions